Trigger frame format for orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communication

ABSTRACT

One or more trigger frames are generated at a first communication device to trigger an uplink orthogonal frequency multiple access (OFDMA) transmission by multiple second communication devices. Each of the one or more trigger frames (i) includes an indication of a trigger type and (ii) is formatted according to the indicated trigger type. The first communication device transmits the one or more trigger frames to the multiple second communication devices. The first device then receives the triggered uplink OFDMA transmission that includes respective transmissions from the multiple second communication devices.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This disclosure claims the benefit of the following U.S. Provisionalpatent applications:

-   -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/088,257, entitled        “SYNC Design,” filed on Dec. 5, 2014;    -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/112,528, entitled        “SYNC Design,” filed on Feb. 5, 2015;    -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/112,894, entitled        “SYNC Design,” filed on Feb. 6, 2015;    -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/204,164, entitled        “SYNC (Trigger Frame) Design,” filed on Aug. 12, 2015;    -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/244,283, entitled        “OFDMA Beamforming Feedback,” filed on Oct. 21, 2015; and    -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/255,822, entitled “DL        OFDMA with Broadcast RU,” filed on Nov. 16, 2015.

The disclosures of all of the above-referenced patent applications arehereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

The present application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/961,635, entitled “Trigger Frame Format for Orthogonal FrequencyDivision Multiple Access (OFDMA) communication,” filed on the same dayas the present application, and hereby incorporated by reference hereinin its entirety.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates generally to communication networks and,more particularly, to wireless local area networks that utilizeorthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM).

BACKGROUND

When operating in an infrastructure mode, wireless local area networks(WLANs) typically include an access point (AP) and one or more clientstations. WLANs have evolved rapidly over the past decade. Developmentof WLAN standards such as the Institute for Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers (IEEE) 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, and 802.11acStandards has improved single-user peak data throughput. For example,the IEEE 802.11b Standard specifies a single-user peak throughput of 11megabits per second (Mbps), the IEEE 802.11a and 802.11g Standardsspecify a single-user peak throughput of 54 Mbps, the IEEE 802.11nStandard specifies a single-user peak throughput of 600 Mbps, and theIEEE 802.11ac Standard specifies a single-user peak throughput in thegigabits per second (Gbps) range. Future standards promise to provideeven greater throughputs, such as throughputs in the tens of Gbps range.

SUMMARY

In an embodiment, a method for communicating in a wireless communicationnetwork includes generating, at a first communication device, one ormore trigger frames to trigger an uplink orthogonal frequency multipleaccess (OFDMA) transmission by multiple second communication devices,wherein each of the one or more trigger frames (i) includes anindication of a trigger type and (ii) is formatted according to theindicated trigger type. The method also includes transmitting, with thefirst communication device, the one or more trigger frames to themultiple second communication devices. The method additionally includesreceiving, at the first communication device, the triggered uplink OFDMAtransmission, wherein the triggered uplink OFDMA transmission includesrespective transmissions from the multiple second communication devices.

In another embodiment, an apparatus comprises a network interface devicehaving one or more integrated circuits configured to generate one ormore trigger frames to trigger an uplink orthogonal frequency multipleaccess (OFDMA) transmission by multiple communication devices, whereineach of the one or more trigger frames (i) includes an indication of atrigger type and (ii) is formatted according to the indicated triggertype. The one or more integrated circuits are also configured totransmit the one or more trigger frames to the multiple communicationdevices. The one or more integrated circuits are also configured toreceive the triggered uplink OFDMA transmission, wherein the triggereduplink OFDMA transmission includes respective transmissions from themultiple communication devices.

In yet another embodiment, a method for communicating in a wirelesscommunication network includes generating, at a first communicationdevice, multiple trigger frames to trigger an uplink orthogonalfrequency multiple access (OFDMA) transmission by multiple secondcommunication devices, including generating (i) a broadcast triggerframe that includes information to indicate transmission parameters fora first subset of the second communication devices and (ii) one or moreunicast trigger frames, wherein each of the one or more unicast triggerframe includes information to indicate transmission parameters for aparticular second communication device in a second subset of the secondcommunication devices. The method also includes transmitting, with thefirst communication device, the multiple trigger frames to the multiplesecond communication devices, including (i) transmitting the broadcasttrigger frame to the first subset of the second communication devices,wherein the broadcast trigger frame is transmitted in a first frequencyportion of a downlink OFDMA transmission to the multiple secondcommunication devices, and (ii) transmitting the unicast trigger framesto the second subset of the second communication devices, whereinrespective unicast trigger frames are transmitted in respective secondfrequency portions of the downlink OFDMA transmission, the respectivesecond frequency portions corresponding with the respective secondcommunication devices in the second subset. The method additionallyincludes receiving, at the first communication device, the triggereduplink OFDMA transmission, wherein the triggered uplink OFDMAtransmission includes respective transmissions from the multiple secondcommunication devices.

In still another embodiment, an apparatus comprises a network interfacedevice having one or more integrated circuits configured to generatemultiple trigger frames to trigger an uplink orthogonal frequencymultiple access (OFDMA) transmission by multiple communication devices,wherein the multiple trigger frames include (i) a broadcast triggerframe that includes information to indicate transmission parameters fora first subset of the multiple communication devices and (ii) one ormore unicast trigger frames, wherein each of the one or more unicasttrigger frame includes information to indicate transmission parametersfor a particular communication device in a second subset of the multiplecommunication devices. The one or more integrated circuits are alsoconfigured to transmit the broadcast trigger frame to the first subsetof the multiple communication devices, wherein the broadcast triggerframe is transmitted in a first frequency portion of a downlink OFDMAtransmission to the multiple communication devices, and transmit theunicast trigger frames to the second subset of the multiplecommunication devices, wherein respective unicast trigger frames aretransmitted in respective second frequency portions of the downlinkOFDMA transmission, the respective second frequency portionscorresponding with the respective one of the multiple communicationdevices in the second subset. The one or more integrated circuits areadditionally configured to receive the triggered uplink OFDMAtransmission, wherein the triggered uplink OFDMA transmission includesrespective transmissions from the multiple communication devices.

In another embodiment, a method for beamforming training in a wirelesscommunication network includes transmitting, from a first communicationdevice, a beamforming training packet to multiple second communicationdevices. The method also includes generating, at the first communicationdevice, a trigger frame to trigger an uplink orthogonal frequencydivision multiple access (OFDMA) transmission by at least some of themultiple second communication devices, wherein the trigger frameincludes information to indicate respective frequency portions of theuplink OFDMA transmission, the respective frequency portionscorresponding with respective ones of the at least some of the multiplesecond communication devices. The method further includes transmitting,with the first communication device, the trigger frame to the at leastsome of the multiple communication devices, and receiving, at the firstcommunication device, the uplink OFDMA transmission, wherein the uplinkOFDMA transmission includes respective beamforming training feedbackpackets generated based on the beamforming training packet by respectiveones of the at least some of the multiple second communication devices,the respective beamforming training feedback packets transmitted in therespective frequency portions corresponding with the at least some ofthe multiple second communication devices.

In another embodiment, an apparatus comprises a network interface devicehaving one or more integrated circuits configured to transmit abeamforming training packet to multiple communication devices. The oneor more integrated circuits are also configured to generate a triggerframe that includes information to indicate respective frequencyportions of an uplink orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA) transmission corresponding with at least some of the multiplecommunication devices. The one or more integrated circuits areadditionally configured to transmit the trigger frame to the at leastsome of the multiple communication devices, and receive the uplink OFDMAtransmission from the at least some of the multiple communicationdevices, wherein the uplink OFDMA transmission includes respectivebeamforming training feedback packets from the at least some of themultiple communication devices, the respective beamforming trainingfeedback packets transmitted in the respective frequency portionscorresponding with the at least some of the multiple communicationdevices.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example wireless local area network(WLAN), according to an embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a diagrams of a physical layer (PHY) data unit, according anembodiment;

FIGS. 3A-3B are block diagrams of example data units, according to someembodiments;

FIG. 4 is a diagram of an example transmission sequence in a WLAN,according to an embodiment;

FIG. 5A is a block diagram of a trigger frame, according to anembodiment;

FIG. 5B, is a block diagram of a frame body of a trigger frame,according to an embodiment;

FIG. 5C is a diagram of the per-STA information fields, according to anembodiment;

FIGS. 6A-6B are diagrams of example common information fields, accordingto embodiments;

FIGS. 7A-7B are block diagrams of per-STA information fields, accordingto embodiments;

FIGS. 8A-8B are block diagrams of per-STA information fields, accordingto embodiments;

FIG. 9A is a block diagram of a group information field corresponding toa multi-user resource unit, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 9B is a diagram of a per-member information subfield, according toan embodiment

FIG. 10 is a diagram of example resource unit allocation scheme,according to an embodiment.

FIG. 11A is a diagram of an example resource unit (RU) allocationindication, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 11B is a diagram of an example set of allowable RUs for a givenstarting channel, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 11C illustrates an example mapping between bits of a channelindication field and channels, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 12 illustrates example mapping between values of the eight-bitindication and allowed resource allocations, such as one of the allowedresource units, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 13 illustrates example mapping between values of a resource unitallocation indication field and allowed resource allocations, accordingto another embodiment;

FIG. 14 illustrates example mapping between values of a resource unitallocation indication field and allowed resource allocations, accordingto another embodiment;

FIG. 15 is a diagram of a resource allocation scheme used for allocationof resources for a communication channel, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 16 is a diagram of a resource allocation scheme for allocation ofresources within a data unit that occupies a communication channel,according to an embodiment;

FIG. 17 is a block diagram of an example transmission sequence in aWLAN, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of an example transmission sequence in aWLAN, according to another embodiment;

FIG. 19 is a block diagram of an example transmission sequence in aWLAN, according to another embodiment;

FIG. 20 is a block diagram of a common information field included in acontention based trigger frame, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 21 is a block diagram of an example transmission sequence in aWLAN, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 22 is a block diagram of an example transmission sequence in aWLAN, according to another embodiment;

FIG. 23 is a block diagram of an example transmission sequence in aWLAN, according to another embodiment;

FIG. 24 is a block diagram of an example transmission sequence in aWLAN, according to another embodiment;

FIG. 25A is a block diagram of an null data packet announcement (NDPA)frame, according to an embodiment;

25B is a block diagram of a frame body of an NDPA frame, according to anembodiment;

FIG. 25C is a diagram of per-station (per-STA) information fields of anNDPA frame, according to an embodiment

FIG. 25D is a block diagram of a per-STA information field, according toan embodiment;

FIG. 26 is a block diagram of an example transmission sequence in aWLAN, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 27A is a block diagram of an NDPA frame that triggers transmissionof feedback, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 27B is a block diagram of a frame body of an NDPA frame, accordingto an embodiment;

27C is a diagram of per-STA information fields, according to anembodiment;

FIG. 27D is a diagram of a per-STA information field, according to anembodiment;

FIG. 28 is a block diagram of an example transmission sequence in aWLAN, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 29 is a block diagram of an example transmission sequence in aWLAN, according to another embodiment;

FIGS. 30A-30B are block diagrams of example null data packets thatinclude trigger frame information, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 31A is a block diagram of a signal field of a null data packettrigger packet, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 31B is a block diagram of a signal field of an a null data packettrigger packet, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 31C is a block diagram of information fields in a null data packettrigger packet, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 32 is a block diagram of a common information field in a null datapacket trigger packet, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 33 is a flow diagram of an example method for communicating in awireless communication network, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 34 is a flow diagram of another example method for communicating ina wireless communication network, according to another embodiment;

FIG. 35 is a flow diagram of an example method for beamforming trainingin a wireless communication network, according to an embodiment

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In embodiments described below, a wireless network device such as anaccess point (AP) of a wireless local area network (WLAN) transmits datastreams to one or more client stations. The AP is configured to operatewith client stations according to at least a first communicationprotocol. The first communication protocol is sometimes referred hereinas “high efficiency WiFi,” “HEW” communication protocol, “HE”communication protocol, or IEEE 802.11ax communication protocol. In anembodiment, the first communication protocol supports orthogonalfrequency division (OFDM) communication in both downlink direction fromthe AP to one or more client station and uplink direction from one ormore client stations to the AP. In an embodiment, the firstcommunication protocol supports a single user (SU) mode, in which the APtransmits a data unit to one client station, or receives a data unitfrom one client station, at any given time. The first communicationprotocol also supports one or more multi-user (MU) modes in which the APtransmits multiple independent data streams simultaneously to multipleclient stations, or receives independent data units simultaneouslytransmitted by multiple client stations, in some embodiments. Multi-usertransmission to, or by, multiple client stations is performed using MUmultiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) transmission in whichrespective spatial streams are used for transmission to, or by,respective ones of the multiple client stations and/or using orthogonalfrequency division multiple access (OFDMA) transmission in whichrespective frequency sub-channels of a communication channel are usedfor simultaneous transmission to, or by, respective ones of multipleclient stations, in various embodiments.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example wireless local area network(WLAN) 10, according to an embodiment. The WLAN 10 supports downlink(DL) and uplink (UL) multiuser (MU) multiple-input and multiple-output(MIMO) communication between an access point (AP) and a plurality ofclient stations. Additionally, the WLAN 10 supports DL and ULsingle-user (SU) communication between the AP and each of a plurality ofclient stations. The WLAN 10 includes an AP 14, and the AP 14, in turn,includes a host processor 15 coupled to a network interface device 16.The network interface device 16 includes a medium access control (MAC)processing unit 18 and a physical layer (PHY) processing unit 20. ThePHY processing unit 20 includes a plurality of transceivers 21, and thetransceivers 21 are coupled to a plurality of antennas 24. Althoughthree transceivers 21 and three antennas 24 are illustrated in FIG. 1,the AP 14 includes other suitable numbers (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 5, etc.) oftransceivers 21 and antennas 24 in other embodiments. In an embodiment,the network interface device 16 includes one or more integrated circuit(IC) devices. For example, at least some of the functionality of the MACprocessing unit 18 and at least some of the functionality of the PHYprocessing unit 20 are implemented on a single IC device, according toan embodiment. As another example, at least some of the functionality ofthe MAC processing unit 18 is implemented on a first IC device, and atleast some of the functionality of the PHY processing unit 20 isimplemented on a second IC device, according to an embodiment.

The WLAN 10 includes a plurality of client stations 25. Although fourclient stations 25 are illustrated in FIG. 1, the WLAN 10 includes othersuitable numbers (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, etc.) of client stations 25 invarious scenarios and embodiments. At least one of the client stations25 (e.g., client station 25-1) is configured to operate at leastaccording to the first communication protocol. In some embodiments, atleast one of the client stations 25 is not configured to operateaccording to the first communication protocol but is configured tooperate according to a legacy communication protocol (referred to hereinas a “legacy client station”).

The client station 25-1 includes a host processor 26 coupled to anetwork interface device 27. The network interface device 27 includes aMAC processing unit 28 and a PHY processing unit 29. The PHY processingunit 29 includes a plurality of transceivers 30, and the transceivers 30are coupled to a plurality of antennas 34. Although three transceivers30 and three antennas 34 are illustrated in FIG. 1, the client station25-1 includes other suitable numbers (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 5, etc.) oftransceivers 30 and antennas 34 in other embodiments. A client station25-1 includes a host processor 26 coupled to a network interface 27. Thenetwork interface device 27 includes a MAC processing unit 28 and a PHYprocessing unit 29. The PHY processing unit 29 includes a plurality oftransceivers 30, and the transceivers 30 are coupled to a plurality ofantennas 34. Although three transceivers 30 and three antennas 34 areillustrated in FIG. 1, the client station 25-1 includes differentnumbers (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 5, etc.) of transceivers 30 and antennas 34 inother embodiments. In an embodiment, the network interface device 27includes one or more IC devices. For example, at least some of thefunctionality of the MAC processing unit 28 and at least some of thefunctionality of the PHY processing unit 29 are implemented on a singleIC device, according to an embodiment. As another example, at least someof the functionality of the MAC processing unit 28 is implemented on afirst IC device, and at least some of the functionality of the PHYprocessing unit 29 is implemented on a second IC device, according to anembodiment.

According to an embodiment, the client station 25-4 is a legacy clientstation, i.e., the client station 25-4 is not enabled to receive andfully decode a data unit that is transmitted by the AP 14 or anotherclient station 25 according to the first communication protocol.Similarly, according to an embodiment, the legacy client station 25-4 isnot enabled to transmit data units according to the first communicationprotocol. On the other hand, the legacy client station 25-4 is enabledto receive and fully decode and transmit data units according to alegacy communication protocol.

In an embodiment, one or both of the client stations 25-2 and 25-3, hasa structure the same as or similar to the client station 25-1. In anembodiment, the client station 25-4 has a structure similar to theclient station 25-1. In these embodiments, the client stations 25structured the same as or similar to the client station 25-1 have thesame or a different number of transceivers and antennas. For example,the client station 25-2 has only two transceivers and two antennas (notshown), according to an embodiment.

In various embodiments, the PHY processing unit 20 of the AP 14 isconfigured to generate data units conforming to the first communicationprotocol and having formats described herein. The transceiver(s) 21is/are configured to transmit the generated data units via theantenna(s) 24. Similarly, the transceiver(s) 21 is/are configured toreceive the data units via the antenna(s) 24. The PHY processing unit 20of the AP 14 is configured to process received data units conforming tothe first communication protocol and having formats described herein andto determine that such data units conform to the first communicationprotocol, according to various embodiments.

In various embodiments, the PHY processing unit 29 of the client device25-1 is configured to generate data units conforming to the firstcommunication protocol and having formats described herein. Thetransceiver(s) 30 is/are configured to transmit the generated data unitsvia the antenna(s) 34. Similarly, the transceiver(s) 30 is/areconfigured to receive data units via the antenna(s) 34. The PHYprocessing unit 29 of the client device 25-1 is configured to processreceived data units conforming to the first communication protocol andhaving formats described hereinafter and to determine that such dataunits conform to the first communication protocol, according to variousembodiments.

In an embodiment, when operating in single-user mode, the AP 14transmits a data unit to a single client station 25 (DL SUtransmission), or receives a data unit transmitted by a single clientstation 25 (UL SU transmission), without simultaneous transmission to,or by, any other client station 25. When operating in multi-user mode,the AP 14 transmits a data unit that includes multiple data streams formultiple client stations 25 (DL MU transmission), or receives data unitssimultaneously transmitted by multiple client stations 25 (UL MUtransmission), in an embodiment. For example, in multi-user mode, a dataunit transmitted by the AP includes multiple data streams simultaneouslytransmitted by the AP 14 to respective client stations 25 usingrespective spatial streams allocated for simultaneous transmission tothe respective client stations 25 and/or using respective sets of OFDMtones corresponding to respective frequency sub-channels allocated forsimultaneous transmission to the respective client stations.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of a physical layer (PHY) data unit 200 that the AP14 is configured to transmit to one or more client stations 25 (e.g.,the client stations 25-1), according to an embodiment. In an embodiment,one or more client stations 25 (e.g., the client stations 25-1) are alsoconfigured to transmit data units the same as or similar to the dataunit 200 to the AP 14. The data unit 200 conforms to the HEcommunication protocol and occupies a 20 MHz bandwidth. Data unitssimilar to the data unit 200 occupy other suitable bandwidth such as 40MHz, 80 MHz, 160 MHz, 320 MHz, 640 MHz, for example, or other suitablebandwidths, in other embodiments. The data unit 200 is suitable for“mixed mode” situations, i.e. when the WLAN 10 includes a client station(e.g., the legacy client station 24-4) that conforms to a legacycommunication protocol, but not the first communication protocol. Thedata unit 200 is utilized in other situations as well, in someembodiments.

In various embodiments and/or scenarios, the data unit 200 is a downlink(DL) orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) unit in whichindependent data streams are transmitted to multiple client stations 25using respective sets of OFDM tones and, in some cases respectivespatial streams, allocated to the client stations 25. Similarly, invarious embodiments and/or scenarios, the data unit 200 is an uplink(UL) OFDMA data unit transmitted by a particular client station 25 aspart of an OFDMA uplink transmission by multiple client stations 25,wherein each of the multiple client stations 25 transmits data using aset of OFDM tones and, in some cases, respective one or more spatialstreams, allocated to the client station 25. For example, in anembodiment, available OFDM tones (e.g., OFDM tones that are not used asDC tone and/or guard tones) are partitioned into multiple resource units(RUs), and each of the multiple RUs is allocated to one or more clientstations 25 for transmission of data to, or by, the one or more of theclient stations 25. In an embodiment, allocation of OFDM tones isperformed using basic resource unit blocks defined by the firstcommunication protocol. A basic resource unit block is sometimesreferred to herein as simply a “basic resource unit.” For example, abasic resource unit includes K OFDM tones, wherein K is an integergreater than zero, each allocated resource unit is comprised of one ormore K-OFDM tone basic resource units. As just an example, K=26, in anembodiment. Accordingly, a basic resource unit includes 26 OFDM tones,in this embodiment. A resource unit allocated to a client station 25, orallocated to a multi-user group of client stations 25, includes a numberof OFDM tones that is an integer multiple of 26 OFDM tones, such as 26OFDM tones, 52 OFDM tones, 78 OFDM tones, etc., in this embodiment. Inanother embodiment, K is any suitable integer other than 26, and a basicresource unit includes a corresponding number of OFDM tones other than26.

The data unit 200 includes a preamble including a legacy short trainingfield (L-STF) 205, a legacy long training field (L-LTF) 210, a legacysignal field (L-SIG) 215, a first HE signal field (HE-SIG-A) 220, asecond HE signal field (HE-SIG-B) 222, an HE short training field(HE-STF) 225, M HE long training fields (HE-LTFs) 230, where M is aninteger, and a third HE signal field (HE-SIG-C) 235. In some embodimentsand/or scenarios, the data unit 200 also includes a data portion 240. Insome embodiments and/or scenarios, the data unit 200 omits the dataportion 240.

In some embodiments and/or scenarios, the preamble 202 omits one or moreof the fields 205-235. For example, the preamble 202 omits one or moreof the HE-SIG-A 220, the HE-SIG-B 222 and the HE-SIG-C 235, in anembodiment. In some embodiments, the preamble 202 includes additionalfields not illustrated in FIG. 2.

Each of the L-STF 205, the L-LTF 210, the L-SIG 215, the HE-SIG-A 220,the HE-SIG-B 222, the HE-STF 225, the M HE-LTFs 230, and the HE-SIG-C235 comprises one or more OFDM symbols. The HE-SIG-A 220, the HE-SIG-B222 and the HE-SIG-C 235 is each individually encoded to generate therespective number of OFDM symbols, in an embodiment. As merely anexample, in an embodiment, the HE-SIG-A 220 comprises two OFDM symbols,and each of the HE-SIG-B 222 and the HE-SIG-C 235 comprises one OFDMsymbol. As merely another example, in another embodiment, the HE-SIG-A220 comprises one OFDM symbol, the HE-SIG-B comprises two OFDM symbols,and the HE-SIG-C comprises one OFDM symbol. As yet another example, inan embodiment, the HE-SIG-A 220 comprises two OFDM symbols, the HE-SIG-B222 comprises a variable number of OFDM symbols, and the HE-SIG-C 235 isomitted. In an embodiment in which the HE-SIG-B 222 comprises a variablenumber of OFDM symbols, the particular number of HE-SIG-B 222 OFDMsymbols in the data unit 200 is indicated in the HE-SIG-A 220.

In the embodiment of FIG. 2, the data unit 200 includes one of each ofthe L-STF 205, the L-LTF 210, the L-SIG 215, the HE-SIG-A 220. In otherembodiments in which a data unit similar to the data unit 200 occupies acumulative bandwidth other than 20 MHz, each of the L-STF 205, the L-LTF210, the L-SIG 215 and HE-SIG-A 220 is repeated over a correspondingnumber of 20 MHz sub-bands of the whole bandwidth of the data unit, inan embodiment. For example, in an embodiment, the data unit occupies an80 MHz bandwidth and, accordingly, includes four of each of the L-STF205, the L-LTF 210, the L-SIG 215, the HE-SIG-A 220. In an embodiment inwhich a data unit similar to the data unit 200 occupies a cumulativebandwidth other than 20 MHz, the HE-SIG-B is repeated over acorresponding number of 20 MHz sub-bands of the whole bandwidth of thedata unit. In another embodiment in which a data unit similar to thedata unit 200 occupies a cumulative bandwidth other than 20 MHz, theHE-SIG-B 222 includes different channel-specific portions correspondingto different 20 MHz sub-bands of the whole bandwidth of the data unit,and the different channel specific portions are transmitted in parallelin the corresponding 20 MHz sub-bands of the whole bandwidth of the dataunit 200.

In some embodiments, the modulation of different 20 MHz sub-bandssignals is rotated by different angles. For example, in one embodiment,all OFDM tones within a first subband are rotated 0-degrees, all OFDMtones within a second subband is rotated 90-degrees, a third sub-band isrotated 180-degrees, and a fourth sub-band is rotated 270-degrees. Inother embodiments, different suitable rotations are utilized. Thedifferent phases of the 20 MHz sub-band signals result in reduced peakto average power ratio (PAPR) of OFDM symbols in the data unit 200, inat least some embodiments. In an embodiment, if the data unit thatconforms to the first communication protocol is an OFDM data unit thatoccupies a cumulative bandwidth such as 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, 160 MHz,320 MHz, 640 MHz, etc., the HE-STF, the HE-LTFs, the HE-SIG-B and the HEdata portion occupy the corresponding whole bandwidth of the data unit.

In an embodiment, each of the HE-SIG-A 220, the HE-SIG-B 222 and theHE-SIG-C 235 generally carries information about the format of the dataunit 200, such as information needed to properly decode at least aportion of the data unit 200, in an embodiment. In an embodiment inwhich the data unit 200 is a multi-user data unit, HE-SIG-A 220 carriesinformation commonly needed by multiple intended receivers of the dataunit 200. In some embodiments, HE-SIG-A 220 additionally includesinformation for client stations 25 that are not intended receivers ofthe data unit 200, such as information needed for medium protection fromthe client stations 25 that are not receivers of the data unit 200. Onthe other hand, HE-SIG-B 222 and HE-SIG-C 235 carry user-specificinformation individually needed by each client station 25 that is anintended recipient of the data unit 200, in an embodiment. In anembodiment, HE-SIG-A 220 includes information needed to properly decodeHE-SIG-B 222, and HE-SIG-B 222 includes information needed to properlydecode data streams in the data portion 240 of the data unit 200. Insome embodiments and/or scenarios, however, HE-SIG-A field 220 includesat least some of the information needed to decode the data portion 240,and HE-SIG-B 222 is omitted from the data unit 200 in at least some suchembodiments. In at least some embodiments and scenarios in which the AP14 is the intended recipient of the data unit 200 (i.e., when the dataunit 200 is an uplink data unit), information needed to properly decodethe data portion of the data unit 200 is known a priori to the intendedrecipient of the data unit 200 and need not be included in the preambleof the data unit 200. In some such embodiments, the HE-SIG-B 222 andHE-SIG-C 325 are both omitted from the data unit 200.

In some embodiments, specific information included in the HE-SIG-A 220and/or in the HE-SIG-B 222 depends on the mode of transmission of thedata unit 200. For example, information included in the HE-SIG-A 220and/or information included in the HE-SIG-B 222 depends on mode oftransmission of the data unit 200, in an embodiment. In an embodiment,different information is included in the HE-SIG-A 220 when the data unit200 is a downlink data unit as compared to information included in theHE-SIG-A 220 when the data unit 200 is an uplink data unit. Additionallyor alternatively, different information is included in the HE-SIG-A 220when the data unit 200 is a multi-user data unit as compared toinformation included in the HE-SIG-A 220 when the data unit 200 is asingle-user data unit, in an embodiment. In another embodiment,different information is included in the HE-SIG-B 222 when the data unit200 is a downlink data unit as compared to the information is includedin the HE-SIG-B 222 when the data unit 200 is an uplink data unit.

FIGS. 3A-3B are block diagrams of example data units that occupy an 80MHz bandwidth, according to embodiments. Referring first to FIG. 3A, adata unit 300 includes a preamble portion 302 and a data portion 304. Inan embodiment, the preamble portion 302 corresponds to a legacy preambleand conforms to a preamble format according to a legacy communicationprotocol, such as the IEEE 802.11a Standard, the IEEE 802.11n Standard,or the IEEE 802-11ac Standard, for example, in an embodiment. In anotherembodiment, the preamble 302 corresponds to a non-legacy preamble thatconforms to the IEEE 802-11ax Standard, for example. For example, in anembodiment, the preamble portion 302 includes a preamble such as thepreamble 204 of FIG. 2. At least some fields in the preamble portion 302are duplicated in each 20 MHz bandwidth of the data unit 300. Forexample, the preamble portion 302 includes an L-STF field, an L-LTFfield, an L-SIG field and an HE-SIG-A field such as the L-STF field 205,the L-LTF field 210, the L-SIG field 215 and the HE-SIG-A field 220,respectively, and each of the L-STF field, the L-LTF field, the L-SIGfield and the HE-SIG-A field is duplicated in each 20 MHz bands of thedata unit 300, in an embodiment. In an embodiment, at least some fieldsin the preamble portion 302 are different in different 20 MHz bands ofthe data unit 300. For example, referring to FIG. 3A, at least a portionof the HE-SIG-B field 222, the HE-LTF fields 230 and the HE-SIG-C fields235 are different in different 20 MHz bands of the data unit 300, in anembodiment.

The data portion 304 of the data unit 300 is duplicated in each 20 MHzband of the data unit 300, in an embodiment. In an embodiment, the dataportion 304 includes a trigger frame that triggers uplink OFDMAtransmission by a plurality of client stations 25. In an embodiment, thetrigger frame includes information that indicates allocation ofsub-channels to be used for uplink OFDMA transmission, in an embodiment.The trigger frame further indicates other transmission parameters to themultiple client stations 25, such as which modulation and coding scheme(MCS) each of the client stations should use, the OFDM numerology (e.g.,guard interval, tone spacing, etc.) that each of the multiple clientstations should use, transmit power that each of the multiple clientstations 25 should use, etc. In an embodiment, the trigger frame is aduplicate broadcast frame transmitted to the multiple client stations 25in each 20 MHz band of the data unit 300. In another embodiment, thetrigger frame is a broadcast frame that occupies the entire 80 MHzbandwidth of the data unit 300.

Referring now to FIG. 3B, a data unit 350 includes a preamble portion352 and a data portion 354. In an embodiment, the data portion 354 ofthe data unit 350 includes a plurality of aggregated MAC protocol dataunits (A-MPDU) respectively directed to ones of multiple client stations25. In an embodiment, at least some of the A-MPDUs in the data portion354 occupy sub-channels that span a width of less than 20 MHz. In anembodiment, a 20 MHz band in the preamble portion 354 spans multipleA-MPDUs in the data portion 354, in an embodiment. The data unit 350 isa downlink OFDMA data unit transmitted by the AP to a plurality ofclient stations 25, in an embodiment. In another embodiment, respectiveA-MPDUs in the data portion 354 and corresponding preamble portions 352are transmitted by multiple client stations 25 as parts of an OFDMAtransmission by multiple client stations 25.

In an embodiment in which the data unit 350 is a downlink OFDMAtransmission to multiple client stations 25, at least some of theA-MPDUs include trigger frames, aggregated with data, to trigger uplinktransmission by the client stations 25 to follow transmission of thedata unit 350. The trigger frames in the data portion 350 are unicasttrigger frames directed to respective ones of the multiple clientstations 25, in an embodiment. In an embodiment, a trigger frametransmitted to a particular client station 25 includes information thatindicates a sub-channel to be used for uplink transmission by theparticular client station 25, in an embodiment. In an embodiment, thetrigger frame to the particular client station 25 further includesinformation that indicates other transmission parameters for theparticular client station 25, such as which modulation and coding scheme(MCS) the client station should use for uplink transmission, the OFDMnumerology (e.g., guard interval, tone spacing, etc.) that the clientstation should use for uplink transmission, transmit power the clientstation 25 should use for uplink transmission, etc.

Additionally or alternatively, in an embodiment, the data portion 354includes a subchannel, sometimes referred to as a control sub-channel,allocated for transmission of a broadcast trigger frame directed tomultiple client stations 25. In this embodiment, at least some of theclient stations 25 that are triggered for uplink OFDMA transmission bythe trigger frame in the data unit 350 can be different from clientstations 25 to which data is transmitted in the data unit 350.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of an example transmission sequence 400 in a WLAN,such as the WLAN 10 of FIG. 1, according to an embodiment, in which anAP, such as the AP 14, triggers a UL OFDMA transmission by multipleclient stations, such as multiple ones of the client stations 25, duringa transmission opportunity period (TXOP) 402. During a time t1, the AP14 transmits a trigger frame 402 to a plurality of client stations 25.In an embodiment, the time t1 begins at the beginning of a TXOP obtainedby (e.g., based on a suitable channel assessment procedure, such asCSMA/CA), or scheduled for, the AP 14. In an embodiment, the triggerframe 402 provides, to the plurality of client stations 25, resourceunit allocation indication and other transmission parameters to be usedfor transmission of an uplink OFDMA data unit during the TXOP. In anembodiment, the trigger frame 402 is a MAC control frame that includesthe uplink transmission information. In an embodiment, the MAC controlframe is included in a data portion a data unit, such as the dataportion 304 of the data unit 300 of FIG. 3A. In an embodiment, thetrigger frame 402 is included in a physical layer convergence protocol(PLCP) protocol data unit (PPDU), such as a legacy PPDU that conforms tothe IEEE 802.11a or IEEE 802.11n Standard, for example. In anotherembodiment, the trigger frame 402 is a null data packet (NDP) thatincludes uplink transmission information in a preamble, and omits a dataportion. In an embodiment, the trigger frame 402 is included in aphysical layer convergence protocol (PLCP) protocol data unit (PPDU),such as a legacy PPDU that conforms to the IEEE 802.11a or IEEE 802.11nStandard, for example. In an embodiment and/or scenario, the triggerframe 402 is duplicated in each narrowest channel bandwidth (e.g., ineach 20 MHz) of the entire bandwidth of the TXOP. In an embodiment inwhich the trigger frame 402 is included in a legacy PPDU which isduplicated each narrowest channel bandwidth (e.g., in each 20 MHz) ofthe entire bandwidth of the TXOP, communication medium is protected frominterference by any device in the network over the entire bandwidth ofthe TXOP, at least for the duration of transmission of the trigger frame402, or for the duration of the entire TXOP. In another embodimentand/or scenario, the trigger frame 402 occupies the entire bandwidth ofthe TXOP, for example when each of the client stations 25 to which thetrigger frame 402 is transmitted is capable of operating in the entirebandwidth of the TXOP. In an embodiment, a trigger frame that occupiesthe entire bandwidth of the TXOP is relatively shorter, and accordinglyis transmitted in a relatively shorter time period, compared to atrigger frame that is duplicated in each narrowest channel bandwidth ofthe TXOP.

The trigger frame 402 indicates respective sub-channels allocated foruplink OFDMA transmission by six client stations STA1 through STA 6, inthe illustrated embodiment. During a time t2, client stations STA1through STA 6 transmit respective OFDM data unit, such as an A-MPDUs,406 as parts of an OFDMA transmission 408 to the AP 14. In anembodiment, each A-MPDU 406 is included in a physical layer data unittransmitted by a corresponding client station 25. In an embodiment, theOFDMA transmission 408 has a format the same as or similar to the formatof the data unit 350 of FIG. 3B. In another embodiment, the OFDMAtransmission 408 has a suitable format different from the format of thedata unit 350 of FIG. 3B.

Time t2 at each client station 25 begins upon expiration of apredetermined time interval, such as for example a time intervalcorresponding to a short inter-frame space (SIFS), after completion ofreception of the trigger frame 402 at the client station 25, in anembodiment. In another embodiment, a predetermined time period that isgreater than SIFS is defined, and time t2 at each client station 25begins upon expiration of a predetermined time interval corresponding tothe predetermined time interval greater than SIFS. For example, apredetermined time period that is greater than SIFS and less than pointcoordination function (PCF) interframe space (PIFS) is defined. Thegreater predetermined time interval may provide sufficient time for theclient stations 25 to decode the trigger frame 402 and to prepare foruplink transmission based on the uplink scheduling information providedby the trigger frame 402, in at least some embodiments. Additionally oralternatively, the trigger frame 402 includes one or more padding bitsat the end of the trigger frame 402 to provide sufficient time for theclient stations 25 to prepare for uplink transmission based on theuplink scheduling information provided by the trigger frame 402, in someembodiments. For example, a MAC header included in the trigger frame 402indicates a length of a valid payload, wherein the one or more paddingbits follow the valid payload, in an embodiment. Further, a signal fieldof a PHY preamble of the trigger frame 402 includes an indication of theentire length of the trigger frame 402, which includes the one or morepadding bits at the end of the trigger frame 402, in an embodiment.

In an embodiment, each client station transmits its OFDM data unit 406during the time t2 in a respective sub-channel, allocated to the clientstation, as indicated in the trigger frame 402. In an embodiment, eachclient station transmits its OFDM data unit using transmissionparameters, such as a modulation and coding scheme, a coding type,transmission power, length or duration of the data unit, etc. indicatedin the trigger frame 402. In another embodiment, at least some of theclient stations transmit OFDM data unit using at least some transmissionparameters, such as a modulation and coding scheme, a coding type,transmission power, length or duration of the data unit, etc. determinedby the client stations and not indicated in the trigger frame 402.

During a time t3, the AP 14 transmits respective ACK frames 410 to theclient stations 25 (STA1 through STA6) acknowledging receipt of the OFDMdata units 406 from the client stations 25. In another embodiment, theAP 14 transmits a broadcast acknowledgement frame that includesrespective acknowledgements for the client stations 25 (STA1 throughSTA6). Time t3 begins upon expiration of a predetermined time interval,such as for example a time interval corresponding to a short inter-framespace (SIFS), after completion of reception of the OFDM data units 406at the AP 14, in an embodiment. In an embodiment, the AP 14 transmitsthe ACK frame 410 to the client stations 25, as parts of an OFDMAtransmission to the client statins 25, in the respective sub-channelsallocated to the client stations 25 indicated in the trigger frame 402.

FIG. 5A is a block diagram of a trigger frame 500, according to anembodiment. The trigger frame 500 is a MAC control frame included in aphysical layer data unit transmitted by the AP 14 to a plurality ofclient stations 25, in an embodiment. In an embodiment, the triggerframe 500 is included in the data portion 302 of FIG. 3A. In anembodiment, the trigger frame 500 corresponds to the trigger frame 402of FIG. 4. In other embodiments, the trigger frame 500 is included insuitable physical layer data units different from the data unit 300 ofFIG. 3A or the trigger frame 402 of FIG. 4. For example, the triggerframe 500 occupies an entire TXOP bandwidth, in an embodiment. Thetrigger frame 500 includes a plurality of fields, including a framecontrol field 502, a duration/ID field 504, a first address field (e.g.,a receiver address (RA) field) 506, a second address field (e.g., atransmitter address (TA) field) 508, a frame body field 510 and a framecheck field 512.

In an embodiment, the duration/ID field 504 includes an indication of aduration until the end of the TXOP during which the trigger frame 500 istransmitted, in an embodiment. The first address field (RA field) 506includes a broadcast MAC address to indicate that the trigger frame 500is being broadcast to a plurality of client stations 25, in anembodiment. The second address field (TA field) 508 includes the addressof the AP14, in an embodiment. The frame body 510 includes subchannelallocation and indicates transition parameters to be used by respectiveclient stations 25 for uplink transmission by the respective clientstations 25. Referring to FIG. 5B, in an embodiment, the frame body 510includes a common information field 520 and one or more per-STAinformation fields 522. The frame body 510 also includes padding bits524, in some embodiments and scenarios. In an embodiment, padding bits524 include one or more bits to ensure that the frame body 510 includesa number of bits that is an integer multiple of an octet. In anotherembodiment, padding bits 524 include one or more bits to providesufficient time for a receiving device (e.g., a client station) togenerate the uplink transmission being triggered by the trigger frame500. In some embodiments and/or scenarios, the frame body 510 omits thepadding bits 524.

FIG. 5C is a diagram of the per-STA information fields 522, according toan embodiment. The per-STA information fields 522 include one or moreper-STA information fields 530, each per-STA information field 530corresponding to a particular client station or to a particular group ofclient stations being triggered by the trigger frame 500, in anembodiment.

FIG. 6A is a diagram of a common information field 600, according to anembodiment. The common information field 600 is included in the triggerframe 500 of FIG. 5A, in an embodiment. In an embodiment, the commoninformation field 600 corresponds to the common information field 520 ofFIG. 5B. For ease of explanation, the common information field 600 isdescribed with reference to the trigger frame 500 of FIG. 5A. However,the common information field 600 is used with a trigger frame differentfrom the trigger frame 500 of FIG. 5A. For example, the commoninformation field 600 is included in an NDP trigger packet, in someembodiments.

The common information field 600 includes a plurality of subfields 602.The number of bits allocated to each subfield 602, according to anexample embodiment, is indicated in FIG. 6A above the correspondingsubfield 602. Other suitable numbers of bits are allocated to at leastsome of the subfields 602, in other embodiments. The subfields 602include a trigger type subfield 602-2, a bandwidth subfield 602-4, anuplink PPDU Length subfield 602-6, a GI mode subfield 602-8, an HE-LTFtype subfield 602-10, and a number of LTFs subfield 602-12. The triggertype subfield 602-2 indicates a type of response being triggered by thetrigger frame 500. In an embodiment, the trigger subfield 602-2indicates whether the trigger frame corresponds to a basic trigger, acontention trigger, a beamforming training trigger, an acknowledgementrequest trigger, etc. The content of the common information field 600 isdifferent for different trigger types, in some embodiments. For example,in an embodiment, the subfields 602 of the common information field 600illustrated in FIG. 6A are included in the common information field 600when the trigger type subfield 602-2 indicates a basic trigger type, inan embodiment. In an embodiment, one or more of the subfields 602illustrated in FIG. 6A are omitted from the common information field 600and/or one or more additional subfields not illustrated in FIG. 6A areincluded in the common information field 600 when the trigger typesubfield 602-2 indicates to a trigger type other than basic triggertype, such as contention trigger type or beamforming training triggertype. In an embodiment, a receiving device determines the trigger typeof the trigger frame 500 based on the trigger type subfield 602-2 in thecommon information field, and interprets at least some of the subfieldsof the trigger frame 500 based on the determination of the trigger type.

With continued reference FIG. 6A, the BW subfield 602-4 indicates atotal bandwidth of the OFDMA uplink transmission being triggered by thetrigger frame 500, in an embodiment. For example, the BW subfield 602-4includes bits with values of logic “00” indicating a 20 MHz bandwidth,values of logic “01” indicating a 40 MHz bandwidth, values of logic “10”indicating an 80 MHz bandwidth, and values of logic “11” indicating a160 MHz bandwidth, in an embodiment. In other embodiments, the BWsubfield 602-4 includes other suitable number of bits and/or indicatessuitable bandwidths other than 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz and 160 MHzbandwidths. In some embodiments, the common information field 600 omitsthe BW subfield 602-4. For example, an alternative method of indicatingthe bandwidth is used, in some embodiments. As an example, in anembodiment, one or more bits of a scrambling seed field in a servicefield of a data unit that includes the trigger frame 500 is used toindicate bandwidth, and a bit in the transmitter address field 508 ofthe trigger field 500 is set to indicate that a bandwidth indication isincluded on the scrambler seed field, in an embodiment.

The UL PPDU Length subfield 602-6 indicates a length or duration of theuplink data unit being triggered by the trigger frame 500, in anembodiment. In an embodiment, the UL PPDU Length subfield 602-6indicates the length or duration in terms of a number of OFDM symbols tobe included in the uplink data unit. In another embodiment, the UL PPDULength subfield 602-6 indicates the length or duration in terms of time.For example, in an embodiment, the UL PPDU Length subfield 602-6includes an indication of a number of microseconds corresponding to aduration of the uplink data unit. In an embodiment, the UL PPDU Lengthsubfield 602-6 includes nine bits to indicate a maximum duration ofapproximately 14 milliseconds (ms). In another embodiment, the UP PPDULength subfield 602-6 includes a number of bits different from 9 bits,such as 10 bits or 8 bits, for example, or another suitable number ofbits. The GI mode subfield 602-8 indicates a guard interval durationinterval to be used in the uplink data unit, in an embodiment. Forexample, the GI mode subfield 602-8 includes two bits to indicatewhether a 0.8 microseconds (us), a 1.6 us, 3.2 us, or another suitableguard interval duration, is to be used, in an example embodiment. In anembodiment, a receiving device determines the actual duration (e.g., inmilliseconds) of the uplink data unit based on the value of the UL PPDULength subfield 602-6 and the value of the GI mode subfield 602-8.

The LTF type subfield 602-10 indicates a mode of OFDM symbol compression(e.g., 1×, 2×, 4×, etc.) used with the LTF fields 230, in an embodiment.In another embodiment, LTF type indication is combined with GIindication, and the LTF type subfield 602-10 is omitted from the commoninformation field 602. The number of LTFs subfield 602-12 indicates atotal number of OFDM symbols spun by the LTF fields 230 in the data unit200, in an embodiment. In an embodiment, the common information field600 additionally includes one or more padding bits to ensure that thetotal number of bits in the common information field 600 is an integermultiple of an octet of bits (i.e., integer multiple of 8 bits). Inanother embodiment, the common information field 600 omits padding bits.

In the embodiment of FIG. 6A, the common information field 600 omitsresource allocation to be used for the uplink transmission beingtriggered by the trigger frame 500. Resource allocation for respectiveclient stations is included in per-station information field 522, forexample, in an embodiment. Referring briefly to FIG. 6B, a commoninformation field 650 is generally the same as the common informationfield 600 of FIG. 6A and includes many of the same-numbered elementswith the common information field 600 of FIG. 6A, except that the commoninformation field 600 additionally includes a resource unit allocationsubfield 652. The resource allocation subfield 652 indicates resourceunits allocated for uplink transmission triggered by the trigger frame500, in an embodiment.

FIG. 7A is a block diagram of a per STA information field 700corresponding to a single user resource unit, according to anembodiment. The per-STA information field 700 is included in the triggerframe 500 of FIG. 5A, in an embodiment. In an embodiment, the per-STAinformation field 700 corresponds to a per-STA information field 522 ofFIG. 5C. For ease of explanation, the per-STA information field 700 isdescribed with reference to the trigger frame 500 of FIG. 5A. However,the per-STA information field 700 is included in a frame different fromthe trigger frame 500 of FIG. 5A, in some embodiments. For example, theper-STA information field 700 is included in an NDP trigger packet, insome embodiments. The per-STA information field 700 is used in anembodiment in which respective RU allocation indications are providedfor respective ones of the client stations 25 triggered for transmissionby the trigger frame 500. The per-STA information field 700 is used inconjunction with the common information field 600 of FIG. 6A, or withanother suitable common information field, which omits a common resourceunit allocation indication, in an embodiment.

The per-STA information field 700 includes a plurality of subfields 702.The number of bits allocated to each subfield 702, according to anexample embodiment, is indicated in FIG. 7A above the correspondingsubfield 702. Other suitable numbers of bits are allocated to at leastsome of the subfields 702, in other embodiments. The subfields 702include an SU/MU-MIMO indication subfield 702-2, an station ID (STAID)subfield 702-4, a transmit (TX) Power subfield 702-6, a number ofspatial streams subfield 702-8, a modulation and coding (MCS) subfield702-10, a transmit beamforming subfield 702-12, a space time blockcoding (STBC) subfield 702-14, a low density parity check (LDPC) codingsubfield 702-16, a traffic class (TC) subfield 702-18, and an RUallocation subfield 702-20.

In an embodiment, the SU/MU-MIMO subfield 702-2 includes a single bitset to a logic one (1) to indicate that the per-STA information field700 corresponds to a single user resource unit scheduled fortransmission by only a single client station 25. In another embodiment,the SU/MU-MIMO subfield 702-2 includes a single bit set to a logic zero(0) to indicate that the per-STA information field 700 corresponds to asingle user resource unit scheduled for transmission by only a singleclient station 25.

The STAID subfield 702-4 includes bits of an identifier of the clientstation 25 that is scheduled for transmission in the single userresource unit, in an embodiment. For example, the STAID subfield 702-4includes an association ID (AID) or a partial (PAID) of the clientstation 25, in an embodiment. In an embodiment, the STAID subfield 702-4includes 11 bits set to an 11-bit AID corresponding to the clientstation 25. In another embodiment, the STAID subfield 704-4 includesseven bits set to in indicate a partial AID which includes, for example,seven least significant bits (LSB) or seven most significant bits (MSB)of the 11-bit AID. In yet another embodiment, the STAID subfield 702-4includes a variable number of bits, wherein the particular number ofbits is signaled to the receiving device in the common information field520, for example, or in a control frame, such as a beacon frame, thatthe AP 14 transmits prior to transmission of the trigger frame 500. Asan example, the STAID subfield 702-4 includes a number of bits in therange from three bits to seven bits to include a corresponding 3-bit to12-bit PAID of the client station 25, in an embodiment. In thisembodiment, the STAID subfield 702-4 includes a corresponding number ofMSBs, or a corresponding number of LSBs, of the AID of the clientstation 25.

Subfields 702-6 through 702-18 indicate various transmission parametersto be used by the client station 25 identified by the AID subfield 702-4for uplink transmission triggered by the trigger frame 500, inembodiments. For example, the TX power subfield 702-6 indicates thetransmit power to be used for the triggered uplink transmission, in anembodiment. The Nsts indication 702-8 includes an indication of thenumber of spatial streams allocated for the triggered uplinktransmission, in an embodiment. The MCS subfield 702-10 includes anindication of the modulation and coding scheme to be used for thetriggered uplink transmission, in an embodiment. The TxBF subfield702-12 includes an indication of whether transmit beamforming is to beused for the triggered uplink transmission, in an embodiment. The STBCsubfield 702-14 indicates whether space time block coding is to be usedfor uplink transmission, in an embodiment. The coding subfield 702-16includes an indication of a coding type to be used, such as whetherbinary convolutional coding (BCC) or low-density parity check (LDPC)coding, for the triggered uplink transmission, in an embodiment.

The TC subfield 702-18 includes an indication of a class of traffic tobe transmitted in the triggered uplink transmission, in an embodiment.Because the TC subfield 702-18 is included in the per-STA informationfield 700, the AP 14 is able to indicate different traffic classes fordifferent client stations 25 scheduled for transmission in the uplinktransmission triggered by the trigger frame 500, in an embodiment. Forexample, the AP indicates different traffic classes for at least somedifferent client stations 25 in particular service periods, such as in atarget wake time service period (TW TSP). In another embodiment orscenario, the TC subfields 702-18 in different per-STA informationfields of the trigger frame 500 indicate a same traffic class such as asame traffic class is indicated to all client stations 25 triggered fortransmission by the trigger frame 400. In yet another embodiment, acommon traffic class subfield is included in the common informationfield 520, and the TC subfield 702-18 is omitted from the per-STAinformation field 700.

Referring still to FIG. 7A, the RU allocation field 702-20 indicates theresource unit allocated to the client station 25 identified by the STAIDsubfield 702-4, in an embodiment. As will be explained in more detailbelow, the RU allocation subfield 702-20 indicates a 20 MHz channel thatincludes at least a beginning portion of the resource unit, and alsoindicates (i) a beginning basic resource unit block (e.g., 26-toneblock) and (ii) a width of the resource unit, in an embodiment. Forexample, in an embodiment, the RU allocation subfield 702-20 includeseight bits, where three bits are used to indicate the 20 MHz channel andfive bits are used to jointly indicate the beginning basic resource unitblock in the 20 MHz channel and the width of the resource unit, in anembodiment. An example resource unit allocation indication scheme usedwith the RU allocation subfield 702-20 according to one embodiment isdescribed in more detail below with reference to FIGS. 9A-9B.

FIG. 7B is a block diagram of a per-STA information field 750corresponding to a multi user resource unit, according to an embodiment.The per-STA information field 750 is included in the trigger frame 500of FIG. 5A, in an embodiment. In an embodiment, the per-STA informationfield 750 corresponds to a per-STA information field 522 of FIG. 5C. Forease of explanation, the per-STA information field 750 is described withreference to the trigger frame 500 of FIG. 5A. However, the per-STAinformation field 750 is included in a frame different from the triggerframe 500 of FIG. 5A, in some embodiments. In an embodiment, the triggerframe 500 includes multiple per-STA information fields 750 correspondingto a particular multiuser resource unit, with respective per-STAinformation fields 750 corresponding to respective ones of the multipleclient stations 25 scheduled for transmission in the particularmultiuser resource unit.

The per-STA information field 750 is used in an embodiment in whichrespective RU allocation indications are provided for respective ones ofthe client stations 25 triggered for transmission by the trigger frame500. The per-STA information field 750 is used in conjunction with thecommon information field 600 of FIG. 6A, or with another suitable commoninformation field, which omits a common resource unit allocationindication, in an embodiment.

The per-STA information field 750 is generally the same as the per-STAinformation field 700 of FIG. 7A and includes many of the same elementswith the per-STA information field 700 of FIG. 7A, except that the Nstssubfield 702-8 in the per-STA information field 700 is replaced by astart stream subfield 752-8 and an Nsts subfield 252-10 in the per-STAinformation field 750.

The SU/MU-MIMO subfield 702-2 of the per-STA information field 750indicates that the per-STA information field 750 corresponds to amultiuser resource unit, in an embodiment. For example, in anembodiment, a single bit of the SU/MU-MIMO subfield 702-2 is set to alogic zero (0) to indicate that the per-STA information field 700corresponds to a multiuser resource unit scheduled for transmission bymultiple client stations 25, in an embodiment. In another embodiment,the single bit of the SU/MU-MIMO subfield 702-2 is set to a logic one(1) to indicate that the per-STA information field 700 corresponds to amultiuser resource unit scheduled for transmission by multiple clientstations 25.

The STAID subfield 702-4 identifies a particular client station 25 ofthe multiple client stations 25 scheduled for transmission in themultiuser resource unit, in an embodiment. The start stream subfield752-8 includes an indication of a beginning spatial stream, amongmultiple available spatial streams, allocated for transmission by theclient station 25 identified by the STAID subfield 702-4. The Nstssubfield 752-10 indicates a number of spatial streams allocated to theclient station 25. In an embodiment, the start stream subfield 752-8includes three bits to indicate one of eight spatial streams as thebeginning spatial stream. In an embodiment, the Nsts subfield 752-10includes two bits to indicate up to four spatial streams allocated tothe client station 25.

The RU allocation subfield 702-20 indicates the resource unit allocatedfor transmission by multiple client stations 25 which include the clientstation 25 identified by STAID subfield 702-4, in an embodiment. In anembodiment, multiple per-STA information fields 750 that respectivelycorrespond to the multiple client stations 25 include a same indicationin their respective RU allocation subfields 702-20 to indicate theresource unit allocated to for simultaneous transmission by multipleclient stations 25.

FIG. 8A is a block of a per STA information field 800 corresponding to asingle user resource unit, according to an embodiment. The per-STAinformation field 800 is included in the trigger frame 500 of FIG. 5A,in an embodiment. In an embodiment, the per-STA information field 800corresponds to a per-STA information field 522 of FIG. 5C. The per-STAinformation field 800 is used in an embodiment in which a commonresource unit allocation indication is provided for multiple clientstations 25 triggered for transmission by the trigger frame 500. Theper-STA information field 800 is used in conjunction with the commoninformation field 650 of FIG. 6B, or with another suitable commoninformation field, which includes a common resource unit allocationindication, in an embodiment.

The per-STA information field 800 is generally the same as the per-STAinformation field 700 of FIG. 7A except that the per-STA informationfield 800 omits the RU indication subfield 702-20, in an embodiment. Inan embodiment, the per-STA information field 800 additionally omits theSU/MU-MIMO subfield 702-2. For example, the common RU allocationinformation included in the common information field 520 indicatesresource unit allocations for uplink transmission triggered by thetrigger frame 500, and also indicates a number of client stationsscheduled for transmission in each of the resource units, in someembodiments. SU/MU-MIMO indication need not be included in the per-STAinformation fields 530, in such embodiments. Accordingly, the SU/MU-MIMOsubfield 702-2 is omitted from the per-STA information field 800, in atleast some such embodiments.

FIG. 8B is a block diagram of a per-STA information field 850corresponding to a multi user resource unit, according to an embodiment.The per-STA information field 850 is included in the trigger frame 500of FIG. 5A, in an embodiment. In an embodiment, the per-STA informationfield 850 corresponds to a per-STA information field 522 of FIG. 5C. Inan embodiment, the trigger frame 500 includes multiple per-STAinformation fields 850 corresponding to the multiuser resource unit,with respective per-STA information fields 850 corresponding torespective ones of the multiple client stations 25 scheduled fortransmission in the multiuser resource unit. The per-STA informationfield 850 is used in an embodiment in which a common resource unitallocation indication is provided for multiple client stations 25triggered for transmission by the trigger frame 500. The per-STAinformation field 850 is used in conjunction with the common informationfield 650 of FIG. 6B, or with another suitable common information field,which includes a common resource unit allocation indication, in anembodiment.

The per-STA information field 850 is generally the same as the per-STAinformation field 750 of FIG. 7B except that the per-STA informationfield 800 omits the RU indication subfield 702-20, in an embodiment. Inan embodiment, the per-STA information field 850 additionally omits theSU/MU-MIMO subfield 702-2. For example, the common RU allocationinformation included in the common information field 520 indicatesresource unit allocations for uplink transmission triggered by thetrigger frame 500, and also indicates a number of client stationsscheduled for transmission in each of the resource units, in someembodiments. SU/MU-MIMO indication need not be included in the per-STAinformation fields 530, in such embodiments. Accordingly, the SU/MU-MIMOsubfield 702-2 is omitted from the per-STA information field 850, in atleast some such embodiments.

In some embodiments and/or scenarios, resource allocation for uplinktransmission triggered by the trigger frame 500 includes one or moreOFDM tone blocks that are not allocated for transmission by any clientstation 25. For example, one or more of the resource units indicated inthe common information field 520 are not allocated for transmission byany client station 25 in the uplink transmission, and are unused in thetriggered uplink transmission, in some embodiments and scenarios. Inthis case, in an embodiment, a reserved STA-ID is used in thecorresponding per-STA information field 530 to indicate the resourceunit is not allocated for transmission by any client station 25. As anexample, in an embodiment, the reserved STA-ID is “1111111”. As anotherexample, in another embodiment, the reserved STA-ID is zero (e.g.,“0000000”). In an embodiment, the reserved STA-ID is included in theSTA-ID subfield 702-4 of the per-STA information field 800 to indicatethat the per-STA information field 800 corresponds to a resource unitthat is not allocated for uplink transmission by any client station 25.In an embodiment in which the reserved STA-ID is included in the STA-IDsubfield 702-4 of the per-STA information field 800 to indicate that theper-STA information field 800 corresponds to a resource unit that is notallocated for uplink transmission by any client station 25, theremaining subfields 702 (i.e., subfields 702-6 through 702-14) areomitted from the per-STA information field 800. Accordingly, the STAIDsubfield 702-4 is the only subfield included in the per-STA informationfield 800, in such embodiments. Thus, the per-STA information elementthat corresponds to an unscheduled resource unit is shorter as comparedto a per-STA information element that corresponds to a scheduledresource unit, in this embodiment.

A receiving device detects the reserved value in the STAID subfield702-4 and determines, based on detecting the reserved value in the STAIDsubfield 702-4, that the per-STA information field 800 is a shortper-STA information field that omits subfields other than the STAIDsubfield 702-4. Similarly, a receiving device, upon detecting, based ondetecting an identification value in the STA-ID subfield 702-4, that theper-STA information field 800 is not directed to the receiving device,the receiving device discards the remainder of the per-STA informationfield 800, in an embodiment.

In some embodiments, the multiple per-STA information fieldscorresponding to a multiuser resource unit are replaced by a singlegroup information field that indicates a corresponding group of clientstations 25 and provides respective transmission parameters to be usedby the client stations 25 that are members of the group. FIG. 9A is ablock diagram of a group information field 900 corresponding to amulti-user resource unit, according to an embodiment. In an embodiment,the group information field 900 is included in the trigger frame 500 ofFIG. 5A. In an embodiment, the group information field 900 is used inplace of multiple per-STA information subfields 530 that correspond to asame multiuser resource unit.

The group information field 900 includes a plurality of subfields 902.The number of bits allocated to each subfield 902, according to anexample embodiment, is indicated in FIG. 9A above the correspondingsubfield 902. Other suitable numbers of bits are allocated to at leastsome of the subfields 902, in other embodiments. The subfields 902include an SU/MU-MIMO subfield 902-2, a group ID subfield 902-2, amember bitmap subfield 902-8 and one or more per-member informationsubfields 902-8. The SU/MU-MIMO subfield 902 is set to indicate that thegroup information field 900 corresponds to a multiuser resource unit, inan embodiment. The group ID subfield 902-4 includes an identifierassociated with a group of client station 25 scheduled for transmissionin the corresponding multiuser resource unit, in an embodiment. In someembodiments and/or scenarios, not all members of a group are scheduledfor transmission in a particular uplink transmission. The member bitmapsubfield 902-6 includes a bitmap, or another suitable indication, thatindicates which of the client stations 25 that are members of the groupindicated by the group ID subfield 902-4 are scheduled for transmission(“scheduled client stations 25) in the uplink transmission triggered bythe trigger frame 500, in an embodiment. The one or more per memberinformation subfields 902-8 respectively correspond to scheduled clientstations 25 indicated by the member bitmap subfield 902-6, in anembodiment. Thus, for example, if the member bitmap subfield 902-6indicates that client stations 25 that are member number 0 and membernumber 3 are scheduled for triggered uplink transmission (e.g., by avalue of “1010” in the member bitmap subfield 902-6), then theper-member information subfields 902-8 include the per-memberinformation subfields 902-8 a and 902-8 c, that respectively correspondto the member number 0 and member number 3, and omit the per-memberinformation subfields 902-8 b and 902-8 d, in an embodiment.

FIG. 9B is a diagram of a per-member information subfield 910, accordingto an embodiment. In an embodiment, the per-member information subfield910 corresponds to one or more of the per-member information subfields908 of FIG. 9A. The per-member information subfield 910, itself,includes a plurality of subfields 912. The number of bits allocated toeach subfield 912, according to an example embodiment, is indicated inFIG. 9A above the corresponding subfield 912. Other suitable numbers ofbits are allocated to at least some of the subfields 912, in otherembodiments. The subfields 912 include an Nsts subfield 912-2, a TXPower subfield 912-4, an MCS subfield 912-6, a TxBF subfield 912-8, anSTBC subfield 912-10, and an LDPC subfield 912-12. In an embodiment,each of the Nsts subfield 912-2, the TX Power subfield 912-4, the MCSsubfield 912-6, the TxBF subfield 912-8, the STBC subfield 912-10, andthe LDPC subfield 912-12 is the same as or similar to the correspondingsubfield 702 of FIG. 8A.

FIG. 10 is a diagram of example resource unit allocation scheme 1000,according to an embodiment. In an embodiment, the resource allocationscheme 1000 includes a plurality of allowed allocations 1002. Theresource unit allocation scheme 1000 is used in an embodiment in whichrespective resource unit allocation indications are provided torespective client stations 25, as is the case with the RU allocationsubfield 702-20 in FIGS. 7A and 7B, for example. The resource allocationscheme 1000 includes 137 allowed resource units in a 160 MHz bandwidths,in an embodiment. In an embodiment, the 137 allowed resource units 1002include 74 26-tone resource units 1002-2, 32 2*26-tone resource units,16 4*26-tone resource units 1002-4, eight resource units 1002-6 thatoccupy respective 20 MHz sub-bands of the 160 MHz bandwidth, fourresource units 1002-8 that occupy respective 40 MHz subbands of the 160MHz bandwidth, two resource units 1002-10 that occupy respective 80 MHzsubbands of the 160 MHz bandwidth, and one resource unit 1002-12 thatoccupies the entire 160 MHz subband.

In an embodiment, resource unit allocation indication for a clientstation 25, for example included in the RU allocation subfield 702-20 ofFIGS. 7A and 7B, indicates one of the allowed resource units 1002 as theresource unit allocated for transmission by the client station 25. Theresource unit allocation indication includes eight bits, in variousembodiments. In an embodiment, the eight bits of the resource allocationindication includes a first field used to indicate a 20 MHz channel thatincludes at least an initial basic resource unit block, and a secondfield to jointly indicate a location of the initial basic resource unitblock of the resource unit and a width of the resource unit. In anotherembodiment, the value of the eight-bit indication maps directly onto oneof the allowed resource allocations, such as one of the allowed resourceunits 1002.

FIG. 11A is a diagram of an example RU allocation indication field 1100that is used to indicate a resource allocation within an OFDMAtransmission, the resource allocation corresponding to transmission by aclient station, according to an embodiment. In some embodiments, RUallocation indication field 1100 is included in per-STA informationfields discussed above. For instance, in some embodiments, the RUallocation indication subfield 702-20 discussed above with respect toFIGS. 7A-7B includes the field 1100.

The RU allocation indication field 1100 includes a field 1104 toindicate a 20 MHz channel in which an RU is located (if the RU is lessthan 20 MHz) or a 20 MHz channel that is the start of the RU (if the RUis greater than or equal to 20 MHz). The RU allocation indication field1100 also includes a field 1108 to indicate a width of the RU and/or astarting group of 26 OFDM tones within a 20 MHz channel. In oneembodiment, the field 1108 is set to an index value that indicates an RUfrom a set of allowable RUs for a given starting 20 MHz channel. Forexample, FIG. 11B is a diagram of an example set of allowable RUs 1120for a given starting 20 MHz channel, according to an embodiment. Thus,in an embodiment, the field 1108 is an index value indicating one of aplurality RUs, including RUs of different bandwidths and RUs havingdifferent positions within a 20 MHz communication channel (e.g., theallowable RUs illustrated in FIG. 11B or another suitable set ofallowable RUs), given the 20 MHz channel indicated by the field 1104.Although FIGS. 11A and 11B were discussed in the context of a 20 MHzcommunication channel being indicated by the field 1104 and groups of 26OFDM tones, communication channels of a suitable bandwidth other than 20MHz and/or suitable groups of OFDM tones other than 26 are used in otherembodiments.

In one embodiment, the field 1104 is three bits and the field 1108 isfive bits. An example mapping 1150 between the three bits of the field1104 and 20 MHz channels is illustrated in FIG. 11C. Other mappingsmapping between the three bits of the field 1104 and 20 MHz channelsand/or other mappings between bits values of the five bits of the field1108 and allowed resource units are used in other embodiments. In stillother embodiments, the field 1104 is another suitable size (e.g., 2, 4,5, 6, 8, 9, 10, etc., bits) and/or the field 1108 is another suitablesize (e.g., 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, etc., bits). Table 1 is an example ofencodings of the fields 1104 and 1108 according to an illustrativeembodiment. In other embodiments, other suitable encodings are utilized.

TABLE 1 Channel Index field 1104 Indicates 20 MHz channel in which an RUis located (if the RU is less than 20 MHz) or a 20 MHz channel that isthe start of the RU (if the RU is greater than or equal to 20 MHz) Starttone and width of RU Index indicating RU from field 1108 set ofallowable RUs

In an example embodiment, values of the five bits of the field 1108 arein the range of “00001” to “10010”, with each value corresponding to aparticular resource unit illustrated in FIG. 11B. Example bit values offive bits of the bit field 1108, corresponding to allowed resource unitsin FIG. 11B, are illustrated next to allowed resource units in FIG. 11B.In an embodiment, an additional value (e.g., 10100) in the field 1108 isused to indicate a 26-tone resource unit between two adjacent 40 MHzchannels. In an embodiment, when the field 1108 is set to indicate a26-tone resource unit between two adjacent 40 MHz channels, the field1104 is set to indicate the 20 MHz channel that is on the left of the26-tone resource unit. In an embodiment, the values of the five bits ofthe field 1108 that are not included in the mapping 1120 illustrated inFIG. 11B are unused, or are reserved.

In another embodiment, the value of the eight-bit indication mapsdirectly onto one of the allowed resource allocations, such as one ofthe allowed resource units 1002 of FIG. 10. FIG. 12 illustrates examplemapping between values of the eight-bit indication and allowed resourceallocations, such as one of the allowed resource units 1002 of FIG. 10,according to one embodiment. In the embodiment of FIG. 12, the allowedresource units are divided into a plurality of sets (e.g., eight sets)of resource units. A set to which each resource unit belongs, accordingto one embodiment, is indicated above the resource unit in FIG. 12.Consecutive logic values of the eight bits are assigned to consecutiveresource units within each set of the resource units. Exampleconsecutive values of the eight bits assigned to resource units in eachset are indicated above the corresponding portion of the first row ofresource units in FIG. 12. The consecutive values are assigned toresource units in a particular set from left to right and from top tobottom in the particular set. For reference, example eight-bit valuesassigned to resource units in the first set (SET 1) are illustrated tothe left of each row in FIG. 12. Further, as illustrated in FIG. 12, thevalue “00110011” is assigned to the 26-tone resource unit that isbetween the first 40 MHz and the second 40 MHz subband of the 160 MHzbandwidth, and the value “10110011” is assigned to the 26-tone resourceunit that is between the third 40 MHz and the fourth 40 MHz subband ofthe 160 MHz bandwidth, in the illustrated embodiment.

FIG. 13 illustrates example mapping between values of the eight-bitindication and allowed resource allocations, such as one of the allowedresource units 1002 of FIG. 10, according to another embodiment.Consecutive eight-bit values are assigned to all of the allowed resourceunits, from beginning with the left-most 26-tone resource unit andcontinuing from left to right and from top to bottom until the resourceunit in the last row (i.e., the resource unit that occupies the entire160 MHz channel), in the illustrated embodiment. For reference, valuesassigned to resource units in each row in FIG. 13 (from left to right),in one embodiment, are illustrated to the left of the corresponding row.

FIG. 14 illustrates example mapping between values of the eight-bitindication and allowed resource allocations, such as one of the allowedresource units 1002 of FIG. 10, according to another embodiment. In theembodiment of FIG. 14, the allowed resource units are divided into twoset of resource units, marked as “SET 1” and “SET 2” in FIG. 14.Consecutive values of the eight bits are assigned left to right and topto bottom within each set, in the illustrated embodiment. For reference,values assigned to resource units in each row (left to right) in SET 1,according to an embodiment, are illustrated in FIG. 14 to the left ofeach row, and values assigned to resource units in each row (left toright) in SET 2, according to an embodiment, are illustrated in FIG. 14to the right of each row.

In another embodiment, as discussed above, a common resource allocationis provided to all client stations 25 being triggered by the triggerframe 500. For example, a common RU indication subfield is included inthe common information field 520, such as in the RU allocation subfield650 of FIG. 6B. In an example, embodiment, the common RU allocationindication includes eight bits. In this embodiment, the common RUallocation indication indicates one of 256 possible allocations for theresource units included in the corresponding channel. In someembodiments, the common RU allocation indication includes a number ofbits that is greater than eight and is able to accommodate a number ofpossible allocations that is greater than 256. In yet anotherembodiment, the common RU allocation indication includes fewer thaneight bits.

The value of the eight-bit the common RU allocation indication indicatesthe number of resource units allocated in the corresponding channel andalso indicates which ones of the resource units, if any, are multi-userresource units, in an embodiment. In some embodiments, some of the totalpossible allocations are excluded to reduce the total number ofpossibilities that need to be signaled by the common RU allocationindication. As an example, only a certain number, such as only one ortwo, of the resource units in the channel are allowed include a singlebasic resource unit (e.g., 26 OFDM tone block), while each of the otherresource units in the channel is required to include multiple basicresource units in some embodiments. The one or two resource units thatinclude only one basic resource units are used for client stations 25that operate in range extension mode, in an embodiment.

In some embodiments, some of the possible allocations that do notutilize the center basic resource unit block (e.g., the center 26-toneblock) are allowed to be used. In some embodiments, a minimum number ofOFDM tones (or a minimum number of basic resource units) constraint isused for a resource unit to be available for multi-user allocation, insome embodiments. Accordingly, in such embodiments, only relativelylarger resource units are allowed to be multi-user resource units. Forexample, a resource unit can be a multi-user resource unit only if theresource unit includes a number of OFDM tones that is equal to orgreater than a certain threshold, such as 106 OFDM tones, in anembodiment. An indication of a resource unit that includes less than 106OFDM tones also serves as an indication that the resource unit is asingle user resource unit, in one such embodiment. In some embodimentsin which the minimum size resource unit constraint is used formulti-user resource units, the common RU allocation indication includesa reduced number of bits, such as fewer than eight bits.

FIG. 15 is a diagram of a resource allocation scheme 1500 used forallocation of resources for a 20 MHz-wide communication channel,according to an embodiment. The resource allocation scheme 1500 is basedon a tone plan that includes 242 data/pilot tones in the 20 MHz-widecommunication channel, in an embodiment. The resource allocation scheme1500 allocates basic resource unit blocks 1504 to resource units,wherein each resource unit comprises one or more of the basic resourceunit blocks 1504, in an embodiment. Each basic resource unit block 1504includes a respective subset of the 242 data/pilot tones, in anembodiment. For example, each basic resource unit 1504 includes 26consecutive data/pilot tones, in the illustrated embodiment.Accordingly, the tone plan 1502 includes nine basic resource units 1504,collectively spanning 234 OFDM tones, and eight leftover tones, in thisembodiment. The eight leftover tones remain unused in the resourceallocation scheme 1500, according to an embodiment. In anotherembodiment, one or more of the leftover tones are combined with one ormore of the resource units 1504. In yet another embodiment, the leftovertones are unused in some situations, and are combined with one or moreof the basic resource units 1504 in other situations. For example, ifall of the basic resource units 1504 are allocated to a same resourceunit, then the leftover tones are combined with the basic resource unitblocks 1504 to form a 242 tone resource unit, in an embodiment. On theother hand, if the basic resource units 1504 are allocated to multipleresource units, then the leftover tones remain unused, in an embodiment.

In an embodiment, resource allocation indication used with the resourceallocation scheme 1500 includes a bitmap, wherein each bit in the bitmapcorresponds to a particular basic resource unit. Thus, for example, inthe embodiment of FIG. 15, a resource allocation bitmap used with theresource allocation scheme 1500 includes nine bits corresponding to thenine basic resource unit 1504, in an embodiment. A set of one or moreconsecutive bits that have a same value (e.g., 0 or 1) indicateallocation of the corresponding basic resource to a same resource unit,in an embodiment. On the other hand, a change in value between twoconsecutive bits in the bitmap (e.g., from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1)indicates that the corresponding basic resource units are allocated todifferent resource units, in an embodiment. Accordingly, a change invalue between two consecutive bits indicates a beginning of a newresource unit, in this embodiment. Such bitmap also indicates the totalnumber of resource units allocated in the channel 1502, in anembodiment. As just an example the values of “110010100” of the resourceallocation bitmap bits indicate that six resource units are allocated inthe channel 1502, and that the six resource units respectively include2, 2, 1, 1, 1 and 2 basic resource units, in an embodiment.

In an embodiment, if all of the basic resource units 1504 are allocatedto a single resource unit in the data unit 200, then the leftover tonesare included in the tone allocated for the single unit. On the otherhand, if the basic resource units 1504 are respectively allocated to twoor more resource units in the data unit 200, the leftover tones are notallocated to any of the resource units and are unused, in an embodiment.For example, in an embodiment, an indication that all of the basicresource units 1504 are allocated to a same resource unit also indicatesallocation of the leftover tones to the same resource unit. Thus, forexample, the value of “111111111” in the resource allocation bitmapindicates that all 242 tones in the channel 1502 are allocated to asingle resource unit, in an embodiment.

Although the resource units 1504 are illustrated in FIG. 15 as eachincluding 26 consecutive OFDM tones, the basic resource units 1504include other suitable numbers of OFDM tones and/or least some of thebasic resource units 1504 include at least some non-consecutive OFDMtones. Further, in some embodiments, a resource allocation schemesimilar to the resource allocation scheme 1500 is used with data unitsthat occupy communication channels with bandwidths other than 20 MHz.For example, a resource allocation scheme similar to the resourceallocation scheme 1500 is used with data units that occupy 40 MHz-wide,80 MHz-wide, 160 MHz-wide, etc., communication channels, in someembodiments and/or scenarios. As a more specific example, in variousembodiments and scenarios that utilize basic resource units having 26data/pilot tones, a resource allocation scheme used with a 40 MHzcommunication channel includes 19 basic resource units, a 40 MHzcommunication channel includes 38 basic resource units, and a 160 MHzcommunication channel includes 76 basic resource units. Accordingly,bitmaps used to signal resource allocation include 19, 28 and 76 bitsfor signaling allocation in 40 MHz-wide, 80 MHz-wide and 160 MHz-widechannels, respectively, in an embodiment.

Accordingly, the communication channel 1502 includes nine basic resourceunits, collectively spanning 234 OFDM tones, and eight leftover tones,in an embodiment. The leftover tones are located at any suitablelocations within the communication channel 1502, in various embodiments.The eight leftover OFDM tones are unused by the allocation scheme 1500,in an embodiment. In another embodiment, the eight leftover tones areused in at least some situations. For example, one or more of the eightleftover tones are combined with one or more of the basic resource units1504

In some embodiments, a bitmap used for signaling resource allocation forat least some communication channels does not correspond to the numberof basic resource units in the communication channel. For example, aresource allocation scheme utilizes fewer bits than the number of basicresource units for at least some communication channels, such as 80MHz-wide and 160 MHz-wide communication channels, in an embodiment. FIG.16 is a diagram of a resource allocation scheme 1600 for allocation ofresources within a data unit that occupies an 80 MHz-wide communicationchannel, according to an embodiment. The resource allocation scheme 1600is generally similar to the resource allocation scheme 1500 of FIG. 15,except that the resource allocation scheme 1600 groups multiple basicresource units 1604 such that a single bit is used to signal allocationof the multiple grouped basic resource units 1604, in an embodiment. Forexample, in the resource allocation scheme 1600, each 20 MHz sub-channelof the 80 MHz-wide channel includes four groups of basic resource units1604, wherein each group includes two basic resource units 1604, and asingle un-grouped basic resource unit 1604, in the illustratedembodiment. In this embodiment, a bitmap used to signal allocation inthe 80 MHz-wide communication channel includes 20 bits, whereinrespective 5-bit subsets are used to signal resource allocation in each20 MHz sub-channel of the 80 MHz-wide channel. Because resource unitsare paired within each 20 MHz sub-channel of the 80 MHz channel, basicresource units in a particular 20 MHz can be allocated to a sameresource unit irrespective of allocation in a neighboring 20 MHzsub-channel, in an embodiment. Thus, for example a value of “11111” offive bits that correspond to a particular 20 MHz sub-channel in theresource allocation scheme 1600 indicates that the corresponding 242OFDM tone block is allocated to same resource unit, in an embodiment.

In yet another embodiment, only allocations from the set {26-toneresource unit, 2*26-tone resource unit, 4*26-tone resource unit, and242-tone resource unit} are allowed in a 20 MHz channel. In thisembodiment, only four bits are needed to indicate resource unitallocation in a 20 MHz channel. In one such embodiment, one bit of asame value (e.g., 1 or 0) in an RU allocation indication indicates asingle 25-tone block, two consecutive bits of a same value (e.g., 11 or00) in the RU allocation indication indicates a 2*26-tone resource unit,three consecutive bits of a same value (e.g., 000 or 111) in the RUallocation indication indicates 4*26-tone resource unit, and fourconsecutive bits in the RU allocation indication indicates a 242-toneresource unit.

FIG. 17 is a diagram of an example transmission sequence 1700 in a WLAN,such as the WLAN 10 of FIG. 1, according to an embodiment, in which anAP, such as the AP 14, triggers a UL OFDMA transmission by multipleclient stations, such as multiple ones of the client stations 25, duringa transmission opportunity period (TXOP) 1702. The transmission sequence1700 is similar to the transmission sequence 400 of FIG. 4, except thattransmission sequence 1700 includes multiple triggered uplink OFDMAtransmissions 408 during the TXOP 1702. The AP 14 transmits a respectivetrigger frame 404 to trigger transmission of each of the uplink OFDMAtransmissions 408, and transmits a respective acknowledgement frame 410to acknowledge receipt of each of the uplink OFDMA transmissions 408.Although two trigger frames 404, two uplink OFDMA transmissions 408 andtwo acknowledgement frames 410 are illustrated in FIG. 17, thetransmission sequence 1700 includes other suitable numbers (e.g., 3, 4,5, etc.) of trigger frames 404, OFDMA transmissions 408 andacknowledgement frames 410 in other embodiments.

FIG. 18 is a diagram of an example transmission sequence 1800 in a WLAN,such as the WLAN 10 of FIG. 1, according to an embodiment, in which anAP, such as the AP 14, triggers a UL OFDMA transmission by multipleclient stations, such as multiple ones of the client stations 25, duringa transmission opportunity period (TXOP) 1802. The transmission sequence1800 is similar to the transmission sequence 1700 of FIG. 17 except thatin the transmission sequence 1800 the acknowledgement frame 410-2 andthe trigger frame 404-2 are replaced with a single frame 1802 thatincludes both an acknowledgement for receipt of the uplink OFDMAtransmission 408-2 and a trigger for the uplink OFDMA transmission408-4. Accordingly, in an embodiment, the transmission sequence 1800 isrelatively shorter, in time, as compared to a relatively longertransmission sequence 1700 of FIG. 17.

In an embodiment, some or all resource units in an uplink transmissionare allocated for contention based access by the client stations 25. Inthis embodiment, after receiving a trigger for uplink transmission, aplurality of client stations 25 contend for the some or all contentionbased resource units, and a client station 25 that obtains access to aparticular contention based resource unit participate in the triggereduplink OFDMA transmission, wherein the client station 25 transmits inthe particular contention based resource unit. FIG. 19 is a diagram ofan example transmission sequence 1900 in a WLAN, such as the WLAN 10 ofFIG. 1, according to an embodiment, in which an AP, such as the AP 14,triggers a UL OFDMA transmission by multiple client stations, such asmultiple ones of the client stations 25, during a transmissionopportunity period (TXOP) 1902. The transmission sequence 1900 issimilar to the transmission sequence 1400 of FIG. 14, except thattriggered OFDMA uplink transmissions 1908 in the transmission sequence1900 include contention based resource units. In an embodiment, triggerframes 1904 in the transmission sequence 1900 are contention typetrigger frames. In an embodiment, each trigger frame 1904 corresponds tothe trigger frame 500 of FIG. 5A. In an embodiment, a trigger typeindication included in a common information field, such as the commoninformation field 520 (FIG. 5B) in each trigger frame 1904 indicatesthat the trigger frame 1900 corresponds to a contention based triggerframe and is formatted according to a predefined format for thecontention based trigger frame.

In an embodiment, the contention based trigger frame includes the commoninformation field 520, and omits the per-STA information fields 530.FIG. 20 is a block diagram of a common information field 2000 includedin a contention based trigger frame, such as in a contention basedtrigger frame 1904 of FIG. 19, according to an embodiment. The commoninformation field 2000 is similar to the common information field 650 ofFIG. 6B and includes many of the same elements with the commoninformation field 650 of FIG. 6B. Additionally, the common informationfield 2000 includes a contention indication subfield 2002-2 and acontention information subfield 2002-4. In an embodiment, the contentionindication subfield 2002-2 indicates that all resource units indicatedin the RU allocation subfield 652 are contention based resource unitsavailable for contention by multiple client stations 25. For example,the contention indication subfield 2002-2 includes a single bit set to alogic one (“1”) to indicate that all resource units indicated in the RUallocation subfield 652 are contention based resource units availablefor contention by multiple client stations 25, in an embodiment. Inanother embodiment, the contention indication subfield 2002-2 includes asingle bit set to a logic zero (“0”) to indicate that all resource unitsindicated in the RU allocation subfield 652 are contention basedresource units available for contention by multiple client stations 25,in an embodiment.

In an example embodiment, the contention information subfield 2002includes a contention slot indication. In this embodiment, subsequenttrigger frames 1904, after the first trigger frame 1904-2, need not betransmitted by the AP. Instead of using a trigger frame to subsequentcontention based uplink transmissions, client stations 25 simply begincontention at a time determined by the contention slot indicationincluded in the contention information subfield 2004-4 of the triggerframe 1904-2. FIG. 21 is a diagram of an example transmission sequence2100 in a WLAN, such as the WLAN 10 of FIG. 1, according to anembodiment, in which an AP, such as the AP 14, triggers a UL OFDMAtransmission by multiple client stations, such as multiple ones of theclient stations 25, during a transmission opportunity period (TXOP)2102. The transmission sequence 2100 is similar to the transmissionsequence 1900 of FIG. 19, except that the transmission sequence 2100omits the trigger frame 1904-4. In an embodiment, client stationscontend for subchannels corresponding to the resource units indicated inthe trigger frame 1904-2 and, the client stations 25 that gain access tothe subchannels, transmit respective data to the AP 14 using thesubchannels, during each of one or more contention slots indicated inthe trigger frame 1904-2. In an embodiment, a duration of eachcontention slot indicated in the trigger frame 1904-2 includes aduration of an uplink transmission to the AP 14, a duration of adownlink acknowledgement frame from the AP 14, and a predeterminedduration of an interframe time period, such as PIFS or SIFS, forexample.

In yet another embodiment, a triggered uplink OFDMA transmissionincludes both (i) one or more contention based resource units and (ii)one or more resource units allocated for transmission by specific clientstations 25. For example, in an embodiment, when the trigger typesubfield included in the common information field (e.g., field 530 ofFIG. 5B) of a trigger frame indicates that the trigger frame is acontention based trigger frame (or a trigger frame in which at leastsome of allocated resource units are used for contention), frame per-STAinformation fields 530 of FIG. 5C include respective contentionindications. In an embodiment, a contention indication in a particularper-STA information subfield 530 is set to indicate whether thecorresponding resource unit is a contention based resource unit.Additionally or alternatively, an STAID subfield in a per-STAinformation field that corresponds to a contention based resource unitincludes a reserved value (e.g., 0) that indicates that thecorresponding resource unit us a contention based resource unit, in anembodiment.

FIG. 22 is a diagram of an example transmission sequence 2200 in a WLAN,such as the WLAN 10 of FIG. 1, according to an embodiment, in which anAP, such as the AP 14, triggers a UL OFDMA transmission by multipleclient stations, such as multiple ones of the client stations 25, duringa transmission opportunity period (TXOP) 2202. During a time t1, the AP14 transmits a downlink OFDMA data unit 2202 to a plurality of clientstations 25. The downlink OFDMA data unit 2202 includes one or moreunicast trigger frames to trigger uplink OFDMA transmission by one ormore of the multiple client stations 25. In an embodiment, each of theone or more unicast trigger is transmitted to a particular clientstation 25, in the downlink OFDMA transmission 2204, using the resourceunit and/or the spatial streams allocated for downlink transmission tothe particular client station 25. In an embodiment, the one or moreunicast trigger frames are aggregated with data in the one or moreA-MPDUs in the downlink OFDMA transmission 2204 transmitted to thecorresponding client stations 25. In another embodiment, the one or moreunicast trigger frames are included in respective MAC headers of thedata units in the downlink OFDMA transmission 2204 transmitted to thecorresponding client stations 25.

During a time t2, each client station 25, after receiving the downlinkA-MPDU directed to the client station 25, transmits a respective uplinkdata unit to the AP14 using trigger information provided to the clientstation 25 in the unicast trigger frame in the downlink A-MPDU, as partof an uplink OFDMA transmission 2208 to the AP 14. In an embodiment,each uplink A-MPDU includes an acknowledgement frame to acknowledgereceipt of the corresponding downlink data unit by the correspondingclient station 25. Time t2 at a client station 25 begins upon expirationof a predetermined time interval, such as for example a time intervalcorresponding to SIFS, after completion of reception of thecorresponding A-MPDU in the OFDMA transmission 2204 by the clientstation 25, in an embodiment.

During a time t3, the AP 14 transmits respective ACK frames 2210 to theclient stations 25 (STA1 through STA6) acknowledging receipt of the OFDMdata units transmitted by the client stations 25 as parts of the OFDMAtransmission 2208. In another embodiment, the AP 14 transmits abroadcast acknowledgement frame that includes respectiveacknowledgements for the client stations 25 (STA1 through STA6). Time t3begins upon expiration of a predetermined time interval, such as forexample a time interval corresponding to a short inter-frame space(SIFS), after completion of reception of the OFDMA transmission 2208 atthe AP 14, in an embodiment. In an embodiment, the AP 14 transmits theACK frames 2210 to the client stations 25, as parts of an OFDMAtransmission to the client statins 25, in the respective sub-channelsallocated to the client stations 25 indicated in the trigger framesincluded in the downlink transmission 2204.

In an embodiment, a unicast trigger frame, such as a unicast triggerframe included in the downlink OFDMA transmission 2204, is generallysimilar to the broadcast trigger frame described above with respect toFIGS. 5A-5C. Referring to FIG. 5A, in an embodiment, the RA field 506 ofa unicast trigger frame is set to a unicast address of the clientstation 25 to which the unicast trigger frame is directed. Referring toFIG. 5B, the frame body of the unicast trigger frame includes a commoninformation field such as the common information field 520 and theper-STA information field 522. In some embodiments and scenarios, theframe body of the unicast trigger frame also includes pad bits such aspad bits 524. Referring to FIG. 5C, the unicast trigger frame includesonly a single per-STA information field 530, in an embodiment. In anembodiment, the common information field of the unicast trigger framecorresponds to the common information field 600 of FIG. 6A. In anembodiment, the single per-STA information field of the unicast triggerframe corresponds to the per-STA information field 700 of FIG. 7A (e.g.,if the unicast trigger frame corresponds to a SU RU) or the per-STAinformation field 750 of FIG. 7B (e.g., if the unicast trigger framecorresponds to a MU RU).

In some embodiments and scenarios, some of the parameters of uplinktransmission triggered by a unicast trigger frame included in the OFDMAdownlink transmission 2204 are the same as the corresponding parametersindicated for downlink transmission in the OFDMA downlink transmission2204. In at least some such embodiments and scenarios, indications ofthe parameters of uplink transmission triggered by a unicast triggerframe included in the OFDMA downlink transmission 2204 are the same asthe corresponding parameters indicated for downlink transmission in theOFDMA downlink transmission 2204 are omitted from the unicast triggerframe. Accordingly, in an embodiment, omission of a parameter from theunicast trigger frame indicates to the corresponding client station 25that the parameter is the same as the corresponding parameter used inthe OFDMA downlink transmission 2204 for downlink transmission to theclient station 25.

FIG. 23 is a diagram of an example transmission sequence 2300 in a WLAN,such as the WLAN 10 of FIG. 1, according to an embodiment, in which anAP, such as the AP 14, triggers a UL OFDMA transmission by multipleclient stations, such as multiple ones of the client stations 25, duringa transmission opportunity period (TXOP) 2302. The transmission sequence2300 is generally the same as the transmission 2200 of FIG. 22 exceptthat a downlink OFDMA transmission 2304 includes a broadcast triggerframe in addition to the unicast trigger frames included in the downlinkdata units transmitted to the client stations 25. In an embodiment, thebroadcast trigger frame is transmitted using a resource unit designatedfor transmission of the broadcast trigger frame in the downlink OFDMAtransmission 2304. In an embodiment, the broadcast trigger frameincluded in the OFDMA downlink transmission 2304 is the same as thetrigger frame 500 of FIG. 5A. In an embodiment, the broadcast triggerframe included in the OFDMA downlink transmission 2304 triggers uplinktransmission by one or more client stations 25 that are not receivingdata in the downlink transmission 2304. In an embodiment, a signal field(e.g., HE-SIG-B) in a preamble of the data unit that includes thebroadcast frame identifies the resource unit allocated for the broadcastframe by indicating a designated STAID, or an STAID that is notassociated with any of the client stations 25, such as AID 0, for thecorresponding to the resource unit.

FIG. 24 is a diagram of an example transmission sequence 2400 in a WLAN,such as the WLAN 10 of FIG. 1, according to an embodiment, in which anAP, such as the AP 14, conducts a beamforming training procedure with aplurality of client stations, such as a plurality of client stations 25.During a time t1, the AP 14 transmits a null data packet announcement(NDPA) frame 2404. In an embodiment, the NDPA frame 2404 is duplicatedin each 20 MHz subchannel of the communication channel in which thebeamforming training procedure is being conducted. During a time t2, theAP 14 transmits a beamforming training packet, such as a null datapacket (NDP), 2406 to sound the communication channel. The NDP packet2406 occupies the entire communication channel being sounded by the NDPpacket 2406, in an embodiment. Time t2 begins upon expiration of apredetermined time interval, such as for example a time intervalcorresponding to SIFS, after the end of the NDPA 2404 by the AP 14, inan embodiment.

During a time t3, which begins, for example, upon expiration of apredetermined time interval, such as for example a time intervalcorresponding to SIFS, after completion of transmission of the NDP 2406by the AP 14, the AP 14 transmits a trigger frame 2408-1 to triggertransmission of beamforming feedback from at least some of the pluralityof client stations 25, that are participating in the beamformingtraining procedure, to the AP14. During a time t4, the client stations25 triggered by the trigger frame 2408-1 transmit beamforming feedbackin an uplink OFDMA transmission 2410-1 to the AP 14. Time t4 begins at aclient station 25 upon expiration of a predetermined time interval, suchas for example a time interval corresponding to SIFS, after completionof reception of the trigger frame 2408-1 by the client station 25, in anembodiment.

In some embodiments and/or scenarios, the AP 14 is unable to obtainfeedback from all of the client stations 25 that are participating inthe beamforming training procedure in a single uplink OFDMAtransmission. In such embodiments, the AP 14 transmits one or moreadditional trigger frames 2408 to trigger one or more uplink OFDMAtransmissions 2410 providing feedback to the AP 14. Thus, for example,the AP 14 transmits a second trigger frame 2408-2 during a time t5, inthe illustrated embodiment. The trigger frame 2408-2 triggerstransmission of beamforming feedback by client stations 25 that areparticipants of the beamforming training procedure and that were nottriggered by the first trigger frame 2408-1, in an embodiment. During atime t6, the client stations 25 triggered by the trigger frame 2408-2transmit beamforming feedback in an uplink OFDMA transmission 2410-2 tothe AP 14, in an embodiment.

FIG. 25A is a block diagram of an NDPA frame 2500, according to anembodiment. In an embodiment, the NDPA frame 2500 corresponds to theNDPA frame 2404 of FIG. 24. The NDPA frame 2500 includes a plurality offields, including a frame control field 2502, a duration/ID field 2504,a first address field (e.g., a receiver address (RA) field) 2506, asecond address field (e.g., a transmitter address (TA) field) 2508, aframe body field 2510 and a frame check field 2512.

In an embodiment, the duration/ID field 2504 includes an indication of aduration until the end of the TXOP for the beamforming trainingprocedure initiated by the NDPA frame 2500. The first address field (RAfield) 2506 includes a broadcast MAC address to indicate that the NDPAframe 2500 is being broadcast to a plurality of client stations 25, inan embodiment. The second address field (TA field) 2508 includes theaddress of the AP14, in an embodiment. In an embodiment, the frame body2510 includes identifies client station 25 that are to participate inthe beamforming training procedure, and also indicates beamformingcontrol information to the identified client statins 25. Referring toFIG. 25B, in an embodiment, the frame body 2510 includes a soundingtoken field 2520 and per-STA information fields 2522. The frame body2510 also includes padding bits 2524, in some embodiments and scenarios.In an embodiment, padding bits 2524 include one or more bits to ensurethat the frame body 2510 includes a number of bits that is an integermultiple of an octet. In another embodiment, padding bits 2524 includeone or more bits to provide sufficient time for a receiving device(e.g., a client station) to generate the uplink transmission beingtriggered by the trigger frame 2500. In some embodiments and/orscenarios, the frame body 2510 omits the padding bits 2524.

FIG. 25C is a diagram of the per-STA information fields 2522, accordingto an embodiment. The per-STA information fields 2522 includes aplurality of subfields 2530, each subfield 2530 corresponding to aparticular client station or to a particular client station 25, in anembodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 25D, each per-STA information field2530 includes an STAID subfield 2532 and a feedback control informationsubfield 2534. In an embodiment, the STAID subfield 2532 identifies aparticular client station 25 that is an intended participant in thebeamforming training procedure. In an embodiment, the STAID subfield2532 is the same as or similar to the STAID subfield 702-4 describedabove with respect to FIG. 7A. The feedback control information subfield2534 indicates feedback information such as a feedback type, abeamforming bandwidth (e.g., a bandwidth of the NDP that follows theNDPA frame 2500), an Nc index that indicates a number of columns in afeedback matrix to be provided by the corresponding client station 25 tothe AP 14, etc., in an embodiment.

Referring back to FIG. 24, in an embodiment, the transmission sequence2400 includes transmission of a single user feedback by one of theparticipating client stations 25 immediately after a predeterminedinterframe spacing (e.g., SIFS) time period after reception of the NDP2406 by the client station 25. Thus, in an embodiment, the single userfeedback is transmitted prior to transmission of the trigger frame2408-1 by the AP 14. The AP 14 transmits the trigger frame 2408-1 afterthe AP 14 receives the single user feedback from the one of theparticipating client stations 25, in an embodiment.

In an embodiment, the client station 25 identified by the per-STAinformation subfield 2530-2 corresponding to STA0 transmits a singleuser feedback immediately after a predetermined interframe spacing(e.g., SIFS) time period after reception of the NDP 2406 by the clientstation 25, in an embodiment. In an embodiment, if the STAID 2532 of theper-STA information subfield 2530-2 corresponding to STA0 is set to areserved value (e.g., 0), or a value of an STAID that is not associatedwith any client station 25 in the WLAN 10, then no client stationtransmits a single user feedback, in an embodiment. Rather, in thiscase, client stations 25 participating in the beamforming procedure waitto be triggered by the AP to provide beamforming feedback, in anembodiment.

FIG. 26 is a diagram of an example transmission sequence 2600 in a WLAN,such as the WLAN 10 of FIG. 1, according to an embodiment, in which anAP, such as the AP 14, conducts a beamforming training procedure with aplurality of client stations, such as a plurality of client stations 25.The transmission sequence 2600 is similar to the transmission sequence2400 of FIG. 24 except that the transmission sequence 2600 omitstransmission of the trigger frame 2408-1. Instead, in the transmissionsequence 2600, a trigger is included in an NDPA 2604 that initiates thebeamforming procedure. In an embodiment, client stations 25 triggered bythe NDPA 2406 transmit beamforming feedback packets at time t3 as partsof the OFDMA transmission 2410-1. In an embodiment, time t3 at a clientstation 25 begins upon expiration of a predetermined time interval afterreception of the NDP 2406 at the client station 25. In an embodiment,the predetermined time interval corresponds to an interframe space (IFS)time interval. Using IFS rather than SIFS as the time interval betweenthe end of NDP 2406 and the beginning of the feedback 2410-1 providesufficient time for the client stations 25 to generate feedback based onthe NDP 2406, in at least some embodiments.

FIG. 27A is a block diagram of an NDPA frame 2700 that triggerstransmission of feedback, according to an embodiment. In an embodiment,the NDPA frame 2700 corresponds to the NDPA frame 2404 of FIG. 24. TheNDPA frame 2700 includes a plurality of fields, including a framecontrol field 2702, a duration/ID field 2704, a first address field(e.g., a receiver address (RA) field) 2706, a second address field(e.g., a transmitter address (TA) field) 2708, a frame body field 2710and a frame check field 2712.

In an embodiment, the duration/ID field 2704 includes an indication of aduration until the end of the TXOP for the beamforming procedureinitiated by the NDPA frame 2700. The first address field (RA field)2706 includes a broadcast MAC address to indicate that the NDPA frame2700 is being broadcast to a plurality of client stations 25, in anembodiment. The second address field (TA field) 2708 includes theaddress of the AP14, in an embodiment. Referring to FIG. 27B, in anembodiment, the frame body 2710 includes a common information field 2720and per-STA information fields 2722. The frame body 2710 also includespadding bits (not shown), in some embodiments and scenarios. Forexample, the frame body 2710 includes one or more bits to ensure thatthe frame body 2710 includes a number of bits that is an integermultiple of an octet. In some embodiments and/or scenarios, the framebody 2710 omits the padding bits.

In an embodiment, the common information field includes indications ofvarious parameters that are common to multiple client stations 25triggered by the NDPA frame 2700 for OFDMA transmission of feedback tothe AP 14. In an embodiment, the common information field 2720 is thesame as or similar to the common information field 600 of FIG. 6. Inanother embodiment, the common information field 2720 is different fromthe common information field 600 of FIG. 6. The per-STA informationfields 2722 identify the client stations 25 that are to provide feedbackto the AP14, and provide resource unit allocation indications andrespective transmission parameters to be used for transmission offeedback by respective ones of the triggered client stations 25.

FIG. 27C is a diagram of the per-STA information fields 2722, accordingto an embodiment. The per-STA information fields 2722 includes aplurality of subfields 2730, each subfield 2730 corresponding to aparticular client station or to a particular client station 25, in anembodiment. FIG. 27D is a diagram of a per-STA information field 2750included in a trigger frame that triggers transmission of feedback,according to an embodiment. In an embodiment, the per-STA informationfield 2750 corresponds to a per-STA information field 2730 of FIG. 27C.The per-STA information field 2750 includes a plurality of subfields2752. The number of bits allocated to each subfield 2752, according toan example embodiment, is indicated in FIG. 27D above the correspondingsubfield 2752. Other suitable numbers of bits are allocated to at leastsome of the subfields 2752, in other embodiments. The subfields 2752include an station ID (STA-ID) subfield 2752-2, an RU allocationsubfield 2752-4, a TX Power subfield 2752-6, an MCS subfield 2752-8, anLDPC coding subfield 2752-10, and a BF feedback control informationsubfield 2752-10. In an embodiment, each of the station ID (STA-ID)subfield 2752-2, the RU allocation subfield 2752-4, the TX Powersubfield 2752-6, the MCS subfield 2752-8, and the LDPC coding subfield2752-10 is the same as or similar to the correspondingly named subfieldof the per-STA information field 700 of FIG. 7A. In an embodiment, theBF feedback control information subfield 2752-12 is the same as orsimilar to the BF feedback control information subfield 2534 of FIG.25D.

As illustrated in FIG. 25D, each per-STA information field 2530 includesan STAID subfield 2532 and a feedback control information subfield 2534.In an embodiment, the STAID subfield 2532 identifies a particular clientstation 25 that is an intended participant in the beamforming trainingprocedure. In an embodiment, the STAID subfield 2532 is the same as orsimilar to the STAID subfield 702-4 described above with respect to FIG.7A. The feedback control information subfield 2534 indicates feedbackinformation such as a feedback type, a beamforming bandwidth (e.g., abandwidth of the NDP that follows the NDPA frame 2500), an Nc index thatindicates a number of columns in a feedback matrix to be provided by thecorresponding client station 25 to the AP14, etc., in an embodiment.

In some embodiments and/or scenarios, the AP 14 allocates the entirebandwidth of the communication channel being sounded for transmission ofimmediate feedback (e.g., during the time t3, i.e., “immediately”following the NDP 2006 in FIG. 26) by one of the client stations 25participating in the sounding procedure. In such embodiments and/orscenarios, the one client station transmits a single user feedbackpacket following reception of the NDP 2006. In an embodiment, theper-STA information field 2750 indicates that no immediate feedback isrequested from the corresponding client station 25. For example, in anembodiment, the per-STA information field 2750 includes a one-bitimmediate feedback subfield set to a logic one (“1”) to indicate thatimmediate feedback is not requested, or set to a logic zero (“0”) toindicate that immediate feedback is requested, or vice versa, in anembodiment. Alternatively, in another embodiment, the RU allocationindication subfield 2752-4 is set to a value (e.g., all zeros or allones) that indicates that no sub-channel is allocated for transmissionof feedback by the corresponding client station, and this value of theRU allocation indication subfield 2752 serves as an indication that noimmediate feedback is requested from the client station.

FIG. 28 is a diagram of an example transmission sequence 2800 in a WLAN,such as the WLAN 10 of FIG. 1, according to an embodiment, in which anAP, such as the AP 14, conducts a channel sounding training procedurewith a plurality of client stations, such as a plurality of clientstations 25. The transmission sequence 2800 is generally the same as thetransmission sequence 2600 of FIG. 26 except that in the transmissionsequence 2800, transmission of the BF feedback 2101-1 occurs uponexpiration of a time period corresponding to a beamforming interframespace (BIFS) after then end of NDP 2406, in an embodiment. BIFS is arelatively larger interframe space as compared to SIFS, and providesadditional time to the client stations 25 to generate feedback based onthe NDP 2406, in some embodiments. In an embodiment BIFS is apredetermined value, for example defined by the first communicationprotocol. In another embodiment, BIFS duration is selected or determinedby the AP 14 and is signaled to the client stations 25 by the AP 14. Inan embodiment, the AP 14 obtains, from the client stations 25,respective beamforming inter frame space requirements of the clientstations 25 for generating feedback to be provided to the AP 14following reception of an NDP sounding packet from the AP 14. Forexample, in an embodiment, each client station 25 provides itsinterframe space requirements to the AP 14 during association with theAP14. In an embodiment, the AP 14 determines BIFS based the beamforminginter frame space requirements obtained from the client stations 25. Forexample, the AP 14 selects, as the BIFS, the interframe space thatcorresponds to a longest inter frame space required by the clientstations 25, or a longest inter frame space required by the clientstations 25 that are being triggered to provide feedback 2010-1 to theAP 14, in various embodiments. The AP 14 then signals the determined orselected BIFS to the client stations 25, in an embodiment.

FIG. 29 is a diagram of an example transmission sequence 2900 in a WLAN,such as the WLAN 10 of FIG. 1, according to an embodiment, in which anAP, such as the AP 14, conducts a channel sounding training procedurewith a plurality of client stations, such as a plurality of clientstations 25. The transmission sequence 2900 is generally the same as thetransmission sequence 2800 of FIG. 28 except that in the transmissionsequence 2800, the NDP 2406 includes padding to provide additional timeto the client stations 25 to generate feedback based on the NDP 2406. Inan embodiment, an amount of padding (e.g., a number of padding bits or anumber of padding OFDM symbols) is a predetermined value, for exampledefined by the first communication protocol. In another embodiment, theamount of padding is determined by the AP 14 based on beamforming interframe space requirements obtained from the client stations 25, such thata sum of the duration of the padding in the NDP 2600 and the duration ofSIFS is equal to or greater than a longest inter frame space required bythe client stations 25 or a longest inter frame space required by theclient stations 25 that are being triggered to provide feedback 2010-1to the AP 14, in various embodiments. Transmission of the BF feedback2101-1 then occurs upon expiration of a time period corresponding toSIFS after then end of NDP 2006, in an embodiment.

In some embodiments, trigger frame information described above areincluded in null data packets (NDPs) that omit a data portion. FIGS.30A-30B are block diagrams of example null data packets that includetrigger frame information, according to some embodiments. Referringfirst to FIG. 30A, a null data packet 3000 is a mixed-mode NDP, in anembodiment. The NDP 3000 includes an L-STF 3002, an L-LTF 3004, andL-SIG 3006 and an HE-SIG-A 3008. The NDP 3000 also includes an HE-SIG-B3010, in the illustrated embodiment. The NDP 3000 omits the HE-SIG-B3010, in some embodiments. In an embodiment, the HE-SIG-A 3008 and theHE-SIG-B 3010 include MAC information, such trigger informationdescribed above. In an embodiment, the HE-SIG-B 3010 includes multipleOFDM symbols. In an embodiment, the HE-SIG-A 3008 includes an indicationof a particular number of OFDM symbols in the HE-SIG-B field 3010.

Referring now to FIG. 30B, a null data packet 3050 is a greenfield (GF)NDP, in an embodiment. The NDP 3050 includes an HE-GF-STF 3052, anHE-LTF1 3054, and an HE-SIG-A 3058, in an embodiment. The NDP 3050 alsoincludes HE-SIG-B 3060, in the illustrated embodiment. The NDP 3050omits the HE-SIG-B 3060, in some embodiments. In an embodiment, theHE-SIG-A 3058 and/or the HE-SIG-B 3060 include MAC information, suchtrigger information described above. In an embodiment, the HE-SIG-B 3060includes multiple OFDM symbols. In an embodiment, the HE-SIG-A 3058includes an indication of a particular number of OFDM symbols in theHE-SIG-B field 3060.

FIG. 31A is a block diagram of a signal field 3100 of an NDP triggerpacket, according to an embodiment. In an embodiment, the signal field3100 corresponds to the HE-SIG-A 3008 of FIG. 30A. In anotherembodiment, the signal field 3100 corresponds to the HE-SIG-A 3058 ofFIG. 30B. The signal field 3100 includes a plurality of subfields 3102.The number of bits allocated to each subfield 3102, according to anexample embodiment, is indicated in FIG. 31A above the correspondingsubfield 3102. Other suitable numbers of bits are allocated to at leastsome of the subfields 3102, in other embodiments. The subfields 3102include an NDP indication subfield 3102-2, a BW subfield 3102-4, a BSScolor subfield 3102-6, a SIG-B MCS subfield 3102-8, an L-SIG CRC3102-10, and HE-SIG-A CRC 3102-12, and tail bits 3102-14.

The NDP indication subfield 3102-2 includes a single bit set to a logicone (1) to indicate that the signal field 3100 and/or one or more signalfield symbols that follow the signal field 3100 include NDP triggerinformation, in an embodiment. In another embodiment, the single bit ofthe NDP indication subfield 3102-2 is set to a logic zero (0) toindicate that the signal field 3100 and/or one or more signal fieldsymbols that follow the signal field 3100 include NDP triggerinformation. In some embodiments, polarity of modulation of the signalfield 3100, or polarity of modulation of another field in the NDP thatincludes the signal field 3100, is used to indicate the format of thesignal field 3100. The signal field 3100 omits the NDP indicationsubfield 3102, in some such embodiments.

In an embodiment, the BW subfield 3102-4 indicates a bandwidth of theNDP that includes the signal field 3100 and a bandwidth of the uplinkOFDMA transmission being triggered by the NDP. The L-SIG CRC subfield3102-10 includes CRC bit for an L-SIG field (e.g., the L-SIG field 3006in FIG. 30A) to improve reliability and robustness of the L-SIG, in anembodiment.

FIG. 31B is a block diagram of a signal field 3110 of an NDP triggerpacket, according to an embodiment. In an embodiment, the signal field3110 corresponds to the HE-SIG-B 3010 of FIG. 30A. In anotherembodiment, the signal field 3100 corresponds to the HE-SIG-B 3060 ofFIG. 30B. The signal field 3110 includes a common information field 3120and one or more per-STA or per-Group information fields 3122. The signalfield 3110 also includes CRC bits 3126. FIG. 31C is a block diagram ofthe per-STA or per-Group information fields 3122, according to anembodiment. The per-STA or per-Group information fields 3122 include aplurality of per-STA or per-Group information fields 3130, in theillustrated embodiment. Each of the per-STA or per-Group informationfields 3130 corresponds to a particular client station or a particularMU-MIMO group of client stations, in an embodiment.

In an embodiment, the PSSID subfield 3202-4 includes six bits. Forexample, in an embodiment, the PSSID subfield 3202-4 includes six LSBs,or six MSBs, of a BSSID associated with the basic service in which theNDP is being transmitted. In another embodiment, the PSSID subfield3202-4 includes a suitable number of bits (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, etc.)other than six bits. For example, in an embodiment, the PSSID subfield3202-4 includes six bytes, wherein the six bytes include an entire BSSIDassociated with the basic service in which the NDP is being transmitted.

FIG. 32 is a block diagram of a common information field 3200, accordingto an embodiment. In an embodiment, the common information field 3200corresponds to the common information field 3120 of FIG. 31B. The commoninformation field 3200 includes a plurality of subfields 3202. Thenumber of bits allocated to each subfield 3202, according to an exampleembodiment, is indicated in FIG. 32 above the corresponding subfield3202. Other suitable numbers of bits are allocated to at least some ofthe subfields 3202, in other embodiments. The subfields 3202 include anHE-SIG-B length subfield 3202-2, a partial BSSID (PSSID) subfield3202-4, a UP PPDU length subfield 3202-6, a duration subfield 3202-8,and a GI mode subfield 3202-1. The common information field 3200 alsoincludes an RU allocation subfield 3202-14, in the embodiment. Inanother embodiment, the common information field 3200 omits the RUallocation subfield 3202-14. For example, respective RU allocationindications are included in the per-STA or per-Group information fields3122, in some embodiments.

The per-STA or per-Group information fields 3122 are the same as orsimilar to the per-STA or per-Group information fields 522 describedabove, in various embodiments.

FIG. 33 is a flow diagram of an example method 3300 for communicating ina wireless communication network, according to an embodiment. In someembodiments, the method 3300 is implemented by the AP 14 (FIG. 1). Forexample, in some embodiments, the network interface device 16 isconfigured to implement the method 3300. In other embodiments, anothersuitable network interface device is configured to implement the method3300.

At block 3302, one or more trigger frames are generated. In anembodiment, one or more trigger frames such as the trigger frame 500 ofFIG. 5A are generated. In another embodiment, one or more trigger framesdifferent from the trigger frame 500 of FIG. 5A are generated. In anembodiment, the one or more trigger frames are generated to trigger anuplink OFDMA transmission by multiple communication devices. In anembodiment, each of the one or more trigger frames includes anindication of a trigger type. In an embodiment, each of the one or moretrigger frames is formatted according to the corresponding indicatedtrigger type.

At block 3304, the one or more trigger frames generated at block 3302are transmitted to the multiple communication devices. In an embodiment,a broadcast trigger frame generated at block 3302 is transmitted to themultiple communication devices at block 3304. In another embodiment, oneor more unicast trigger frames generated at block 3302 are transmittedto respective ones of the multiple communication devices in respectivefrequency portions of a downlink OFDMA transmission at block 3304. Inyet another embodiment, a downlink OFDMA transmission transmitted atblock 3304 includes both (i) a broadcast trigger frame generated atblock 3302 and transmitted in a first frequency portion of the downlinkOFDMA transmission and (ii) one or more unicast trigger frames generatedat block 3302 and transmitted in respective second frequency portions ofthe downlink OFDMA transmission.

At block 3306, the uplink OFDMA transmission triggered by the one ormore trigger frames is received. In an embodiment, the uplink OFDMAtransmission includes respective transmissions from the multiplecommunication devices. In an embodiment, the respective transmissionsfrom the multiple communication devices are transmitted in respectivefrequency portions, and using respective transmission parameters,indicated, to respective ones of the multiple communication devices, bythe one or more trigger frames.

FIG. 34 is a flow diagram of an example method 3400 for communicating ina wireless communication network, according to an embodiment. In someembodiments, the method 3400 is implemented by the AP 14 (FIG. 1). Forexample, in some embodiments, the network interface device 16 isconfigured to implement the method 3400. In other embodiments, anothersuitable network interface device is configured to implement the method3400.

At block 3402, multiple trigger frames are generated. In an embodiment,trigger frames such as the trigger frame 500 of FIG. 5A are generated.In another embodiment, trigger frames different from the trigger frame500 of FIG. 5A are generated. In an embodiment, the one or more triggerframes are generated to trigger an uplink OFDMA transmission by multiplecommunication devices. In an embodiment, block 3402 includes blocks 3404and 3406. At block 3404, a broadcast tiger frame is generated. Thebroadcast trigger frame includes information to indicate transmissionparameters for a first subset of the multiple communication devices. Atblock 3406, on or more unicast trigger frames are generated. In anembodiment, each of the one or more unicast trigger frames includesinformation to indicate transmission parameters for a particularcommunication device in a second subset of the multiple communicationdevices. In an embodiment, the second subset of the multiplecommunication devices includes only those communication device, of themultiple communication devices, that are not included in the firstsubset of the multiple communication devices. That is, the first subsetdoes not overlap with the second subset, in this embodiment.

At block 3408, the multiple trigger frames generated at block 3402 aretransmitted to the multiple communication devices. In an embodiment, themultiple trigger frames are transmitted in a downlink OFDMA transmissionto the multiple communication devices. Block 3408 includes block 3410and block 3412. The broadcast trigger frame generated at block 3404 istransmitted to the communication devices in the first subset in a firstfrequency portion of the downlink OFDMA transmission (block 3410). Theone or more unicast trigger frames are transmitted to respectivecommunication devices in the second subset in respective secondfrequency portions of the downlink OFDMA transmission.

At block 3414, the uplink OFDMA transmission triggered by the multipletrigger frames is received. In an embodiment, the uplink OFDMAtransmission includes respective transmissions from the multiplecommunication devices. In an embodiment, the respective transmissionsfrom the multiple communication devices are transmitted in respectivefrequency portions, and using respective transmission parameters,indicated, to respective ones of the multiple communication devices, bythe trigger frames.

FIG. 35 is a flow diagram of an example method 3500 for beamformingtraining in a wireless communication network, according to anembodiment. In some embodiments, the method 3500 is implemented by theAP 14 (FIG. 1). For example, in some embodiments, the network interfacedevice 16 is configured to implement the method 3500. In otherembodiments, another suitable network interface device is configured toimplement the method 3500.

At block 3502, a beamforming training packet is transmitted to multiplecommunication devices. In an embodiment, the beamforming training packetincludes one or more training fields that allow the multiplecommunication devices to obtain measures of respective communicationchannels associated with the communication devices.

At block 3404, a trigger frame is generated. In an embodiment, thetrigger frame is generated to trigger a beamforming feedback OFDMAtransmission from at least some of the multiple communication devices.In an embodiment, the trigger frame includes information to indicaterespective frequency portions of the beamforming feedback OFDMAtransmission, the respective frequency portions corresponding withrespective ones of the at least some of the multiple communicationdevices.

At block 3506, the trigger frame generated at block 3406 is transmittedto the at least some of the multiple communication devices. At block3508, the beamforming feedback OFDMA transmission is received. In anembodiment, the beamforming feedback OFDMA transmission includesrespective beamforming training feedback packets from respective ones ofthe at least some of the multiple communication devices. In anembodiment, the respective beamforming training feedback packetstransmitted in the respective frequency portions corresponding with theat least some of the multiple communication devices indicated by thetrigger frame generated at block 3504 and transmitted at block 3506.

In an embodiment, a method for communicating in a wireless communicationnetwork includes generating, at a first communication device, one ormore trigger frames to trigger an uplink orthogonal frequency multipleaccess (OFDMA) transmission by multiple second communication devices,wherein each of the one or more trigger frames (i) includes anindication of a trigger type and (ii) is formatted according to theindicated trigger type. The method also includes transmitting, with thefirst communication device, the one or more trigger frames to themultiple second communication devices. The method additionally includesreceiving, at the first communication device, the triggered uplink OFDMAtransmission, wherein the triggered uplink OFDMA transmission includesrespective transmissions from the multiple second communication devices.

In other embodiments, the method includes any suitable combination ofone or more of the following features.

Generating the one or more trigger frames comprises generating abroadcast trigger frame that includes information to indicate respectivetransmission parameters for the multiple second communication devices.

Transmitting the one or more trigger frames comprises transmitting thebroadcast trigger frame to the multiple second communication devices.

Generating the one or more trigger frames comprises generating multipleunicast trigger frames, wherein each unicast trigger frame includesinformation to indicate transmission parameters for a particular one ofthe multiple second communication devices.

Transmitting the one or more trigger frames comprises transmittingrespective ones of the unicast trigger frames to respective secondcommunication device in respective frequency portions of a downlinkOFDMA transmission to the multiple second communication devices, therespective frequency portions corresponding with respective secondcommunication devices.

Generating the one or more trigger frames comprises generating (i) abroadcast trigger frame that includes information to indicate respectivetransmission parameters for a first subset of the multiple secondcommunication devices and (ii) one or more unicast trigger frames,wherein each of the one or more unicast trigger frame includesinformation to indicate transmission parameters for a particular secondcommunication device in a second subset of the multiple secondcommunication devices.

Transmitting the one or more trigger frames comprises transmitting, in afirst frequency portion of a downlink OFDMA transmission to the multiplecommunication devices, the broadcast trigger frame to the first subsetof the multiple second communication devices, and transmitting, inrespective second frequency portions of the downlink OFDMA transmission,respective ones of the one or more unicast trigger frames to respectiveones of the communication devices in the second subset of the multiplecommunication devices, the respective frequency portions correspondingwith respective ones of the communication devices in the second subsetof the multiple second communication devices.

The indication of the trigger type indicates one of (i) basic triggertype, (ii) contention trigger type, (iii) beamforming trigger type, and(iv) multi-user block acknowledgement request (MU-BAR) trigger type.

Respective frequency portions of the uplink OFDMA transmissioncorrespond with respective second communication devices.

Generating the one or more trigger frames comprises including, in eachof the one or more trigger frames, indications of respective frequencyportions corresponding with the respective second communication devices.

Each of the one or more trigger frames includes (i) a common informationfield that includes information to indicate common transmissionparameters for the multiple second communication devices and (ii) one ormore per-device information fields that include information to indicaterespective transmission parameters for respective ones of the multiplesecond communication devices.

The one or more per-device information fields include respectiveresource unit allocation indications that indicate the respectivefrequency portions corresponding with the respective secondcommunication devices.

A particular resource unit allocation indication, of the respectiveresource allocation indications, includes (i) a first portion thatindicates a channel that includes at least an initial portion of aresource unit allocated to the corresponding second communication deviceand (ii) a second portion that indicates (a) a location, within thechannel, of a beginning of the resource unit and (b) a width of theresource unit.

A particular resource unit allocation indication, of the respectiveresource allocation indications, includes a value that maps to aparticular resource unit from a set of allowed resource units.

In another embodiment, an apparatus comprises a network interface devicehaving one or more integrated circuits configured to generate one ormore trigger frames to trigger an uplink orthogonal frequency multipleaccess (OFDMA) transmission by multiple communication devices, whereineach of the one or more trigger frames (i) includes an indication of atrigger type and (ii) is formatted according to the indicated triggertype. The one or more integrated circuits are also configured totransmit the one or more trigger frames to the multiple communicationdevices. The one or more integrated circuits are also configured toreceive the triggered uplink OFDMA transmission, wherein the triggereduplink OFDMA transmission includes respective transmissions from themultiple communication devices.

In other embodiments, the apparatus includes any suitable combination ofone or more of the following features.

The one or more integrated circuits are configured to generate abroadcast trigger frame that includes information to indicate respectivetransmission parameters for the multiple communication devices.

The one or more integrated circuits are configured to transmit thebroadcast trigger frame to the multiple communication devices.

The one or more integrated circuits are configured to generate multipleunicast trigger frames, wherein each unicast trigger frame includesinformation to indicate transmission parameters for a particular one ofthe multiple communication devices

The one or more integrated circuits are configured to transmitrespective ones of the unicast trigger frames to respective ones of themultiple communication devices in respective frequency portions of adownlink OFDMA transmission to the multiple communication devices, therespective frequency portions corresponding with respectivecommunication devices.

The one or more integrated circuits are configured to generate (i) abroadcast trigger frame that includes information to indicate respectivetransmission parameters for a first subset of the multiple communicationdevices and (ii) one or more unicast trigger frames, wherein each of theone or more unicast trigger frame includes information to indicatetransmission parameters for a particular one of the multiplecommunication devices in a second subset of the multiple communicationdevices.

The one or more integrated circuits are configured to transmit, in afirst frequency portion of a downlink OFDMA transmission to the multiplecommunication devices, the broadcast trigger frame to the first subsetof the multiple communication devices.

The one or more integrated circuits are configured to transmit, inrespective second frequency portions of the downlink OFDMA transmission,respective ones of the one or more unicast trigger frames to respectiveones of the communication devices in the second subset of the multiplecommunication devices, the respective frequency portions correspondingwith respective ones of the communication devices in the second subsetof the multiple communication devices.

The indication of the trigger type indicates one of (i) basic triggertype, (ii) contention trigger type, (iii) beamforming trigger type, and(iv) multi-user block acknowledgement request (MU-BAR) trigger type.

Respective frequency portions of the uplink OFDMA transmissioncorrespond with respective ones of the multiple communication devices.

Generating the one or more trigger frames comprises including, in eachof the one or more trigger frames, indications of respective frequencyportions corresponding with the respective ones of the multiplecommunication devices.

Each of the one or more trigger frames includes (i) a common informationfield that includes information to indicate common transmissionparameters for the multiple communication devices and (ii) one or moreper-device information fields that include information to indicaterespective transmission parameters for respective ones of the multiplecommunication devices.

The one or more per-device information fields include respectiveresource unit allocation indications that indicate the respectivefrequency portions corresponding with the respective ones of themultiple communication devices.

A particular resource unit allocation indication, of the respectiveresource allocation indications, includes (i) a first portion thatindicates a channel that includes at least an initial portion of aresource unit allocated to the corresponding one of the multiplecommunication device and (ii) a second portion that indicates (a) alocation, within the channel, of a beginning of the resource unit and(b) a width of the resource unit.

A particular resource unit allocation indication, of the respectiveresource allocation indications, includes a value that maps to aparticular resource unit from a set of allowed resource units.

In another embodiment, a method for communicating in a wirelesscommunication network includes generating, at a first communicationdevice, multiple trigger frames to trigger an uplink orthogonalfrequency multiple access (OFDMA) transmission by multiple secondcommunication devices, including generating (i) a broadcast triggerframe that includes information to indicate transmission parameters fora first subset of the second communication devices and (ii) one or moreunicast trigger frames, wherein each of the one or more unicast triggerframe includes information to indicate transmission parameters for aparticular second communication device in a second subset of the secondcommunication devices. The method also includes transmitting, with thefirst communication device, the multiple trigger frames to the multiplesecond communication devices, including (i) transmitting the broadcasttrigger frame to the first subset of the second communication devices,wherein the broadcast trigger frame is transmitted in a first frequencyportion of a downlink OFDMA transmission to the multiple secondcommunication devices, and (ii) transmitting the unicast trigger framesto the second subset of the second communication devices, whereinrespective unicast trigger frames are transmitted in respective secondfrequency portions of the downlink OFDMA transmission, the respectivesecond frequency portions corresponding with the respective secondcommunication devices in the second subset. The method additionallyincludes receiving, at the first communication device, the triggereduplink OFDMA transmission, wherein the triggered uplink OFDMAtransmission includes respective transmissions from the multiple secondcommunication devices.

In other embodiments, the method includes any suitable combination ofone or more of the following features.

Respective frequency portions of the uplink OFDMA transmissioncorrespond with respective second communication devices.

Generating the plurality of trigger frames further comprises including,in each of the trigger frames, indications of respective frequencyportions corresponding with the respective second communication devices.

Each of the trigger frames includes (i) a common field to indicatecommon transmission information for the multiple second communicationdevice and (ii) one or more per-device information fields that includerespective transmission information for respective ones of the multiplesecond communication devices.

The one or more per-device information fields include respectiveresource unit allocation indications that indicate the respectivefrequency portions corresponding with the respective secondcommunication devices.

A particular resource unit allocation indication, of the respectiveresource allocation indications, includes (i) a first portion thatindicates a channel that includes at least an initial portion of aresource unit allocated to the corresponding second communication deviceand (ii) a second portion that indicates (a) a location, within thechannel, of a beginning of the resource unit and (b) a width of theresource unit.

A particular resource unit allocation indication, of the respectiveresource allocation indications, includes a value that maps to aparticular resource unit from a set of allowed resource units.

The downlink OFDMA transmission further includes data for secondcommunication devices in the second subset of the multiple secondcommunication devices.

Data for a particular second communication device in the second set istransmitted to the particular second communication device in aparticular second frequency portion of the downlink OFDMA transmission.

A unicast frame, of the multiple uncast frames, corresponding to theparticular second communication device is transmitted to the particularsecond communication device in the particular second frequency portionof the downlink OFDMA transmission.

The downlink OFDMA transmission does not include data for secondcommunication devices in the first subset of the multiple secondcommunication devices.

Transmitting the broadcast trigger frame comprises including thebroadcast trigger frame in a physical data unit, wherein the physicaldata unit includes a signal field, and wherein the signal field includesinformation to indicate that the data unit includes the broadcasttrigger frame directed to multiple second communication devices.

In another embodiment, an apparatus comprises a network interface devicehaving one or more integrated circuits configured to generate multipletrigger frames to trigger an uplink orthogonal frequency multiple access(OFDMA) transmission by multiple communication devices, wherein themultiple trigger frames include (i) a broadcast trigger frame thatincludes information to indicate transmission parameters for a firstsubset of the multiple communication devices and (ii) one or moreunicast trigger frames, wherein each of the one or more unicast triggerframe includes information to indicate transmission parameters for aparticular communication device in a second subset of the multiplecommunication devices. The one or more integrated circuits are alsoconfigured to transmit the broadcast trigger frame to the first subsetof the multiple communication devices, wherein the broadcast triggerframe is transmitted in a first frequency portion of a downlink OFDMAtransmission to the multiple communication devices, and transmit theunicast trigger frames to the second subset of the multiplecommunication devices, wherein respective unicast trigger frames aretransmitted in respective second frequency portions of the downlinkOFDMA transmission, the respective second frequency portionscorresponding with the respective one of the multiple communicationdevices in the second subset. The one or more integrated circuits areadditionally configured to receive the triggered uplink OFDMAtransmission, wherein the triggered uplink OFDMA transmission includesrespective transmissions from the multiple communication devices.

In other embodiments, the apparatus includes any suitable combination ofone or more of the following features.

Respective frequency portions of the uplink OFDMA transmissioncorrespond with respective ones of the multiple communication devices.

The one or more integrated circuits are configured to include, in eachof the trigger frames, indications of respective frequency portionscorresponding with the respective ones of the multiple communicationdevices.

Each of the trigger frames includes (i) a common field to indicatecommon transmission information for the multiple communication deviceand (ii) one or more per-device information fields that includerespective transmission information for respective ones of the multiplecommunication devices.

The one or more per-device information fields include respectiveresource unit allocation indications that indicate the respectivefrequency portions corresponding with the respective ones of themultiple communication devices.

A particular resource unit allocation indication, of the respectiveresource allocation indications, includes (i) a first portion thatindicates a channel that includes at least an initial portion of aresource unit allocated to the corresponding communication device of themultiple communication devices and (ii) a second portion that indicates(a) a location, within the channel, of a beginning of the resource unitand (b) a width of the resource unit.

A particular resource unit allocation indication, of the respectiveresource allocation indications, includes a value that maps to aparticular resource unit from a set of allowed resource units.

The downlink OFDMA transmission further includes data for communicationdevices in the second subset of the multiple communication devices.

Data for a particular communication device in the second subset istransmitted to the particular communication device in a particularsecond frequency portion of the downlink OFDMA transmission.

A unicast frame, of the multiple uncast frames, corresponding to theparticular communication device is transmitted to the particularcommunication device in the particular second frequency portion of thedownlink OFDMA transmission.

The downlink OFDMA transmission does not include data for communicationdevices in the first subset of the multiple communication devices.

The one or more integrated circuits are configured transmit thebroadcast trigger frame at least by including the broadcast triggerframe in a physical data unit, wherein the physical data unit includes asignal field, and wherein the signal field includes information toindicate that the data unit includes the broadcast trigger framedirected to multiple communication devices.

In another embodiment, a method for beamforming training in a wirelesscommunication network includes transmitting, from a first communicationdevice, a beamforming training packet to multiple second communicationdevices. The method also includes generating, at the first communicationdevice, a trigger frame to trigger an uplink orthogonal frequencydivision multiple access (OFDMA) transmission by at least some of themultiple second communication devices, wherein the trigger frameincludes information to indicate respective frequency portions of theuplink OFDMA transmission, the respective frequency portionscorresponding with respective ones of the at least some of the multiplesecond communication devices. The method further includes transmitting,with the first communication device, the trigger frame to the at leastsome of the multiple communication devices, and receiving, at the firstcommunication device, the uplink OFDMA transmission, wherein the uplinkOFDMA transmission includes respective beamforming training feedbackpackets generated based on the beamforming training packet by respectiveones of the at least some of the multiple second communication devices,the respective beamforming training feedback packets transmitted in therespective frequency portions corresponding with the at least some ofthe multiple second communication devices.

In other embodiments, the method includes any suitable combination ofone or more of the following features.

Generating the trigger frame comprises including in the trigger frame atrigger type indication that indicates that the trigger frame is abeamforming type trigger frame.

The trigger frame includes (i) a common field to indicate commontransmission information for the multiple second communication deviceand (ii) one or more per-device information fields that includerespective transmission information for respective ones of the at leastsome of the multiple second communication devices.

The one or more per-device information fields include respectiveresource unit allocation indications that indicate the respectivefrequency portions corresponding with the respective secondcommunication devices.

A particular resource unit allocation indication, of the respectiveresource allocation indications, includes (i) a first portion thatindicates a channel that includes at least an initial portion of aresource unit allocated to the corresponding second communication deviceand (ii) a second portion that indicates (a) a location, within thechannel, of a beginning of the resource unit and (b) a width of theresource unit.

A particular resource unit allocation indication, of the respectiveresource allocation indications, includes a value that maps to aparticular resource unit from a set of allowed resource units.

The method further comprises prior to transmitting the beamformingpacket, transmitting, with the first communication device, anannouncement frame to the multiple second communication devices, whereinthe announcement frame includes the trigger frame.

Transmitting the beamforming training packet includes adding padding tothe beamforming training packet to provide additional time for the atleast some of the multiple communication devices to generated thefeedback packets based on the beamforming training packet.

The method further comprises obtaining, at the first communicationdevice, beamforming inter frame space requirements from the multiplesecond communication devices, determining, based on the obtainedbeamforming inter frame space requirements, a beamforming interframespace to be used by the at least some multiple second communicationdevices triggered by the trigger frame included in the announcementpacket, to determine a time at which to begin transmitting feedbackpackets, and signal the beamforming interframe space to the multiplesecond communication devices.

In another embodiment, an apparatus comprises a network interface devicehaving one or more integrated circuits configured to transmit abeamforming training packet to multiple communication devices. The oneor more integrated circuits are also configured to generate a triggerframe that includes information to indicate respective frequencyportions of an uplink orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA) transmission corresponding with at least some of the multiplecommunication devices. The one or more integrated circuits areadditionally configured to transmit the trigger frame to the at leastsome of the multiple communication devices, and receive the uplink OFDMAtransmission from the at least some of the multiple communicationdevices, wherein the uplink OFDMA transmission includes respectivebeamforming training feedback packets from the at least some of themultiple communication devices, the respective beamforming trainingfeedback packets transmitted in the respective frequency portionscorresponding with the at least some of the multiple communicationdevices.

In other embodiments, the apparatus includes any suitable combination ofone or more of the following features.

The one or more integrated circuits are further configured to include,in the trigger frame, a trigger type indication that indicates that thetrigger frame is a beamforming type trigger frame.

The trigger frame includes (i) a common field to indicate commontransmission information for the multiple communication device and (ii)one or more per-device information fields that include respectivetransmission information for respective ones of the at least some of themultiple communication devices.

The one or more per-device information fields include respectiveresource unit allocation indications that indicate the respectivefrequency portions corresponding with the respective communicationdevices.

A particular resource unit allocation indication, of the respectiveresource allocation indications, includes (i) a first portion thatindicates a channel that includes at least an initial portion of aresource unit allocated to the corresponding communication device and(ii) a second portion that indicates (a) a location, within the channel,of a beginning of the resource unit and (b) a width of the resourceunit.

A particular resource unit allocation indication, of the respectiveresource allocation indications, includes a value that maps to aparticular resource unit from a set of allowed resource units.

The one or more integrated circuits are further configured to prior totransmitting the beamforming packet, transmit an announcement frame tothe multiple communication devices, wherein the announcement frameincludes the trigger frame.

The one or more integrated circuits are further configured to addpadding to the beamforming training packet to provide additional timefor the at least some of the multiple communication devices to generatedthe feedback packets based on the beamforming training packet.

The one or more integrated circuits are further configured to obtain,from the multiple communication devices, beamforming inter frame spacerequirements, determine, based on the obtained beamforming inter framespace requirements, a beamforming interframe space to be used by the atleast some multiple communication devices triggered by the trigger frameincluded in the announcement packet, to determine a time at which tobegin transmitting feedback packets, and signal the beamforminginterframe space to the multiple communication devices.

At least some of the various blocks, operations, and techniquesdescribed above may be implemented utilizing hardware, a processorexecuting firmware instructions, a processor executing softwareinstructions, or any combination thereof. When implemented utilizing aprocessor executing software or firmware instructions, the software orfirmware instructions may be stored in any computer readable memory suchas on a magnetic disk, an optical disk, or other storage medium, in aRAM or ROM or flash memory, processor, hard disk drive, optical diskdrive, tape drive, etc. Likewise, the software or firmware instructionsmay be delivered to a user or a system via any known or desired deliverymethod including, for example, on a computer readable disk or othertransportable computer storage mechanism or via communication media.Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions,data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated datasignal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism. The term“modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of itscharacteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode informationin the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communicationmedia includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wiredconnection, and wireless media such as acoustic, radio frequency,infrared and other wireless media. Thus, the software or firmwareinstructions may be delivered to a user or a system via a communicationchannel such as a telephone line, a DSL line, a cable television line, afiber optics line, a wireless communication channel, the Internet, etc.(which are viewed as being the same as or interchangeable with providingsuch software via a transportable storage medium). The software orfirmware instructions may include machine readable instructions that,when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform variousacts.

When implemented in hardware, the hardware may comprise one or more ofdiscrete components, an integrated circuit, an application-specificintegrated circuit (ASIC), etc.

While the present invention has been described with reference tospecific examples, which are intended to be illustrative only and not tobe limiting of the invention, changes, additions and/or deletions may bemade to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the scope ofthe invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for communicating in a wirelesscommunication network, the method comprising: generating, at a firstcommunication device, one or more trigger frames to trigger an uplinkorthogonal frequency multiple access (OFDMA) transmission by multiplesecond communication devices, wherein each of the one or more triggerframes includes a medium access control (MAC) header portion and a MACframe body portion, wherein the MAC frame body portion includes (i) acommon information field that includes information to indicate commontransmission parameters to be used by the multiple second communicationdevices for the uplink OFDMA transmission, and (ii) one or moreper-device information fields that include information to indicaterespective transmission parameters to be used by the multiple secondcommunication devices for the uplink OFDMA transmission, wherein: thecommon information field includes an indication of a trigger type, amonga plurality of trigger types, wherein the plurality of trigger typesincludes (i) a basic trigger type configured to prompt the multiplesecond communication devices to transmit data, which is to besubsequently acknowledged by the first communication device, as part ofthe uplink OFDMA transmission, and (ii) a beamforming trigger typeconfigured to prompt the multiple second communication devices totransmit beamforming training feedback information as part of the uplinkOFDMA transmission, wherein the common information field furtherincludes one or more indications of a guard interval duration and a longtraining field (LTF) mode to be used by the multiple secondcommunication devices for the uplink OFDMA transmission, and theper-device information field is formatted according to the indicatedtrigger type; transmitting, with the first communication device, the oneor more trigger frames to the multiple second communication devices; andreceiving, at the first communication device, the triggered uplink OFDMAtransmission, wherein the triggered uplink OFDMA transmission includesrespective transmissions from the multiple second communication devices.2. The method of claim 1, wherein: generating the one or more triggerframes comprises generating a broadcast trigger frame that includesinformation to indicate the common transmission parameters for themultiple second communication devices, and transmitting the one or moretrigger frames comprises transmitting the broadcast trigger frame to themultiple second communication devices.
 3. The method of claim 1,wherein: generating the one or more trigger frames comprises generatingmultiple unicast trigger frames, wherein each unicast trigger frameincludes information to indicate the respective transmission parametersfor a particular one of the multiple second communication devices, andtransmitting the one or more trigger frames comprises transmittingrespective ones of the unicast trigger frames to respective secondcommunication device in respective frequency portions of a downlinkOFDMA transmission to the multiple second communication devices, therespective frequency portions corresponding with the respective secondcommunication devices.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the pluralityof trigger types further includes one or both of (i) a contentiontrigger type, and (ii) a multi-user block acknowledgement request(MU-BAR) trigger type.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein: respectivefrequency portions of the uplink OFDMA transmission correspond withrespective second communication devices; generating the one or moretrigger frames comprises including, in each of the one or more triggerframes, indications of the respective frequency portions correspondingwith the respective second communication devices.
 6. The method of claim5, wherein the one or more per-device information fields includerespective resource unit allocation indications that indicate therespective frequency portions corresponding with the respective secondcommunication devices.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein a particularresource unit allocation indication, of the respective resourceallocation indications, includes (i) a first portion that indicates achannel that includes at least an initial portion of a resource unitallocated to the corresponding second communication device and (ii) asecond portion that indicates (a) a location, within the channel, of abeginning of the resource unit and (b) a width of the resource unit. 8.The method of claim 6, wherein a particular resource unit allocationindication, of the respective resource allocation indications, includesa value that maps to a particular resource unit from a set of allowedresource units.
 9. An apparatus, comprising: a network interface devicehaving one or more integrated circuits configured to generate one ormore trigger frames to trigger an uplink orthogonal frequency multipleaccess (OFDMA) transmission by multiple communication devices, whereineach of the one or more trigger frames includes a medium access control(MAC) header portion and a MAC frame body portion, wherein the MAC framebody portion includes (i) a common information field that includesinformation to indicate common transmission parameters to be used by themultiple communication devices for the uplink OFDMA transmission, and(ii) one or more per-device information fields that include informationto indicate respective transmission parameters to be used by themultiple communication devices for the uplink OFDMA transmission,wherein: the common information field includes an indication of atrigger type, among a plurality of trigger types, wherein the pluralityof trigger types includes (i) a basic trigger type configured to promptthe multiple communication devices to transmit data, which is to besubsequently acknowledged by the network interface device, as part ofthe uplink OFDMA transmission, and (ii) a beamforming trigger typeconfigured to prompt the multiple communication devices to transmitbeamforming training feedback information as part of the uplink OFDMAtransmission, wherein the common information field further includes oneor more indications of a guard interval duration and a long trainingfield (LTF) mode to be used by the multiple communication devices forthe uplink OFDMA transmission, and the per-device information field isformatted according to the indicated trigger type; transmit the one ormore trigger frames to the multiple communication devices; and receivethe triggered uplink OFDMA transmission, wherein the triggered uplinkOFDMA transmission includes respective transmissions from the multiplecommunication devices.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the one ormore integrated circuits are configured to: generate a broadcast triggerframe that includes information to indicate the common transmissionparameters for the multiple communication devices, and transmit thebroadcast trigger frame to the multiple communication devices.
 11. Theapparatus of claim 9, wherein the one or more integrated circuits areconfigured to: generate multiple unicast trigger frames, wherein eachunicast trigger frame includes information to indicate the respectivetransmission parameters for a particular one of the multiplecommunication devices, and transmit respective ones of the unicasttrigger frames to respective ones of the multiple communication devicesin respective frequency portions of a downlink OFDMA transmission to themultiple communication devices, the respective frequency portionscorresponding with the respective communication devices.
 12. Theapparatus of claim 9, wherein the plurality of trigger types furtherincludes one or both of (i) a contention trigger type, and (ii) amulti-user block acknowledgement request (MU-BAR) trigger type.
 13. Theapparatus of claim 9, wherein: respective frequency portions of theuplink OFDMA transmission correspond with respective ones of themultiple communication devices; generating the one or more triggerframes comprises including, in each of the one or more trigger frames,indications of the respective frequency portions corresponding with therespective ones of the multiple communication devices.
 14. The apparatusof claim 13, wherein the one or more per-device information fieldsinclude respective resource unit allocation indications that indicatethe respective frequency portions corresponding with the respective onesof the multiple communication devices.
 15. The apparatus of claim 14,wherein a particular resource unit allocation indication, of therespective resource allocation indications, includes (i) a first portionthat indicates a channel that includes at least an initial portion of aresource unit allocated to the corresponding one of the multiplecommunication device and (ii) a second portion that indicates (a) alocation, within the channel, of a beginning of the resource unit and(b) a width of the resource unit.
 16. The apparatus of claim 14, whereina particular resource unit allocation indication, of the respectiveresource allocation indications, includes a value that maps to aparticular resource unit from a set of allowed resource units.